Expert Perspectives
What Do the Color Codes on Toothpaste Packages Mean?
The claim, frequently seen on social media, that "the colors on the bottom of toothpaste tubes reveal the ingredients," is confusing many consumers. Descriptions like "black is chemical, green is natural" are spreading rapidly, especially in short videos. But do these colorful squares actually provide information about the toothpaste's ingredients, or do they have a completely different meaning during the production process? The truth is, toothpaste color codes or the colored markings on the bottom of the toothpaste have no connection to the product's chemical composition. These squares are solely for ensuring correct packaging alignment on the production line and improving print quality. The Emergence of Color Codes Technical Purpose of Colored Squares in the Production Line The colored squares on the packaging are detected by automatic cutting and folding machines used in production facilities. These squares serve as optical reference points that determine where the machine will cut. This means the machine cuts, folds, and seals the packaging in the correct place based on this marking. The "Eye Mark" System Used in the Packaging Printing Process These squares are part of a system technically called "eye marks." Eye mark sensors recognize these colored marks on the print, maintaining packaging alignment and text-visual integrity. Color variations are often chosen to increase contrast in the print. Therefore, different colors can appear in each brand. Common Misinformation on Social Media Where Did the Claim “Black = Chemical, Green = Natural” Come From? The origin of this claim stems from a false image circulating on social media a few years ago. The image created a false grid between the squares beneath the tubes and the content type. This information was quickly shared without any verification, and many users mistaken it for real. Why Is This Information Incorrect? The ingredients of toothpastes are listed in the "Ingredients" list on the label. The colored squares on the bottom of the packaging have no connection to the chemical or natural content other than their technical function on the production line. Furthermore, even two products with the same formula may be produced in different production facilities with different color codes. Fact: The Technical Meaning of Color Codes Alignment Marks for Packaging Cutting and Folding Machines These squares are used throughout the production process to ensure accurate printing alignment and accurate packaging cutting. Invisible sensors detect these squares and guide the machine. It has nothing to do with content and chemical ratio. The factors that determine the content of a toothpaste are the product formula, active ingredients, and the manufacturer's statement. The colored squares refer to the printing technology, not the content. Objectives of Improving Production Quality and Reducing Margin of Error This system reduces error rates in packaging production, ensures product consistency, and prevents issues like print misalignment. In other words, these little squares are actually part of quality control. How to Really Tell What Your Toothpaste Ingredients Are Reading the Table of Contents Correctly The most accurate way to learn about the ingredients in a toothpaste is to read the ingredient list under the "Ingredients" heading. This section is legally required to state the product's formula. Active Ingredients (Fluoride, Zinc, Herbal Extracts, etc.) The most commonly used active ingredients in toothpastes are sodium fluoride, zinc salts, herbal extracts, and bleaching agents. The presence, proportion, and combination of these ingredients determine the product's effectiveness. Certifications and Security Standards Products certified natural or organic generally receive certification from independent organizations such as Ecocert and COSMOS. Furthermore, every toothpaste marketed in Türkiye is inspected under the Cosmetics Regulation and Product Safety Legislation. Recommendations to Consumers Querying Social Media Information When you come across information about a product on social media, be sure to check the source. Unscientific images and rumors are often misleading. Considering the Ingredient List and Brand Reliability When choosing a product, pay attention to the ingredient list on the packaging and the brand's transparency policies. Reputable brands usually share formula details openly. Product Selection with Expert Advice When choosing the most appropriate toothpaste for your oral and dental health, the best approach is to get advice from your dentist or pharmacist. In conclusion, the colored squares on the bottom of toothpaste tubes are a myth. These markings are simply part of the manufacturing process and provide no information about the product's contents. To get accurate information, always check the ingredient list on the packaging and verify it with reliable sources. 📖 If you want to learn all the details and solutions regarding oral and dental health, be sure to read our article titled Periodontitis and Gum Health .
Learn more
What Causes Hormonal Acne and How Can It Be Treated?
The answer to the question of what hormonal acne is is that it's a type of acne that develops due to fluctuations in hormone levels and is generally inflammatory. It's particularly common in women due to changes in the estrogen-androgen balance [1,2]. Factors such as the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, PCOS, stress, and androgen receptor sensitivity can trigger this condition. In men, this type of acne is less common because androgen levels are more stable [2]. What are the symptoms of hormonal acne? Hormonal acne (pimples) is a skin condition characterized by recurring, deep lesions, usually concentrated on the lower face. It's not limited to adolescence but is also common in women aged 20 and older. So, how can hormonal acne be diagnosed? Acne Around the Jawline and Neck Hormonal acne most commonly occurs around the jawline, around the mouth, lower cheeks, and neck. The sebaceous glands in these areas are more sensitive to androgen hormones. Due to fluctuations in hormone levels, various types of lesions, such as papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts, can occur in these areas. This distribution pattern is considered characteristic of hormonal acne, especially in women aged 20 and older [3]. Cystic Structures That Thicken Before Menstruation The menstrual cycle is a period of natural fluctuation in women's hormone levels. Especially during the luteal phase (the period following ovulation), the relative increase in androgen hormones leads to increased seborrhea (oil production) in the skin. This can lead to clogged pores and the development of inflamed, deep-seated, cystic lesions. Research shows that acne lesions that occur during this period are more often nodules and cysts, accompanied by comedones, rather than superficial lesions. They are generally painful, slow to heal, and recurrent. Therefore, deep pimples that appear in similar areas before each menstrual period should be considered a significant indicator of hormonal acne [4]. Persistent, Recurring Acne It's one of the most distinctive features of hormonal acne. Recurring comedonal or cystic lesions, particularly in the same area, offer limited response to conventional acne treatments. Studies have highlighted that this form of acne is more common in women who smoke and are older, and that the comedonal component can often be overlooked [5]. What Causes Hormonal Acne? Hormonal acne occurs when androgen hormones (testosterone and DHEA-S) specifically stimulate the sebaceous glands, increasing sebum production. This leads to pore blockage and inflammation. Hormonal changes such as menstrual cycle, PCOS, birth control pills, pregnancy, and menopause, as well as environmental factors such as stress, lack of sleep, and a high-glycemic diet, can exacerbate acne. Additionally, the skin's hypersensitivity to androgen hormones can also cause hormonal acne [1,6,7]. Hormonal imbalances (especially increased androgens) Hormonal imbalances, particularly increased androgen (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) and decreased estradiol levels, are among the primary causes of hormonal acne in adult women. The significant reduction in acne severity observed with the correction of these imbalances highlights the importance of hormonal regulation in treatment [1]. The effect of stress and cortisol Chronic stress raises the hormone cortisol in the body, which can trigger sebum production and increase hormonal acne [7]. The effect of eating habits on hormones High-glycemic index diets may increase acne severity. Those on a low-glycemic load diet experienced decreased acne, weight, body mass index (BMI), and androgen levels, while insulin sensitivity increased. Studies linking dairy consumption to acne are limited, but consuming skim milk, in particular, may increase acne risk. No such association has been found with cheese and yogurt. Ice cream is also among the dairy products that increase acne risk [5]. Natural Solutions for Hormonal Acne Instead of Hormone Medications While the answer to the question "How do I get rid of hormonal acne?" is often associated with hormone medications, the unwanted side effects of these treatments can be a concern for many. For those with OR who are seeking more natural, low-side-effect, and long-term sustainable solutions and are making informed choices, herbal ingredients and scientifically based supplements can offer powerful alternatives. These natural treatments affect sebum production, bacterial growth, inflammation, and keratinization. They also contribute to hormonal acne treatment by providing moisturizing and soothing effects when applied topically (on the skin). Green Tea: Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties provide benefits in cases of inflammatory acne. Resveratrol: Reduces inflammatory response and helps manage acne symptoms by inhibiting the growth of P. acnes bacteria. Rosa Damascena (Damascus Rose): It contributes to acne treatment with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects and lipid peroxidation inhibitor properties. Tea Tree Oil: When applied topically, it shows antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, heals inflammatory acne lesions and supports acne treatment. Probiotics: The antimicrobial properties of probiotics may also help alleviate acne symptoms [6,7]. Creating a daily skin care routine Gentle cleansers, non-comedogenic products, and regular exfoliation should help strengthen the skin barrier. To discover the importance of proper skincare in combating hormonal acne and learn which products are best for your skin type, be sure to read our article : Skin Care Tips by Skin Type . Ingredients Like Niacinamide and Azelaic Acid Niacinamide (B3) supports the skin barrier by replenishing moisture to skin irritated by the drying effects of acne treatments [8]. Azelaic acid, naturally found in wheat, barley, and rye, accelerates skin cell turnover and reduces inflammation, alleviating the appearance of blemishes and acne [9]. Supplements: Zinc, Omega-3, DIM Zinc is effective against acne by balancing sebum production and reducing inflammation. While omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties, studies on their effects on acne are inconsistent, and more research is needed. Diindolmethan (DIM) is found in some vegetables, particularly cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. It has been shown to balance hormone levels, making DIM suitable for treating hormonal acne [10]. Daily Tips to Prevent Hormonal Acne In treating hormonal acne, not only medication but also lifestyle changes are important; simple habits reduce the risk of acne by maintaining hormonal balance. Reducing refined sugar and dairy High glycemic index foods (foods containing refined sugar) raise insulin levels, leading to increased androgen hormones. This, in turn, increases sebum production, contributing to clogged pores and acne [11]. Dairy products, especially cow's milk, similarly stimulate the sebaceous glands through the IGF-1 and hormones it contains and can exacerbate hormonal acne by increasing inflammation [11]. Paying attention to your sleep patterns Insufficient sleep disrupts hormonal balance by increasing cortisol levels and triggers sebum production, paving the way for acne; regular sleep of 7-9 hours a day prevents this process and supports skin regeneration [7]. Reducing daily stress levels Chronic stress triggers hormonal acne by increasing cortisol and raising androgen levels; stress management techniques such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, exercise and meditation help control acne by reducing these hormonal imbalances [7]. Conclusion Hormonal acne is not merely a superficial skin condition; it is the clinical manifestation of underlying hormonal and environmental factors on the skin. Effective management requires a holistic approach to addressing daily life factors such as sleep patterns, stress management, healthy eating, and skin care habits, in addition to medical treatments. This approach not only alleviates acne symptoms but also allows for sustainable skin health [1,2,4,6]. SOURCE: 1. Thomas, J., Parimalam, K., & Sindhu, R. B. (2013). Hormonal acne: leading to a paradigm shift in the management of acne. Expert Review of Dermatology, 8(3), 225-227. 2. Kamangar, F., & Shinkai, K. (2012). Acne in the adult female patient: a practical approach. International journal of dermatology, 51(10), 1162-1174 3. Thiboutot, D. (2001). Hormones and acne: Pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and therapies. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 20(3), 144–153. 4. Zaenglein, AL, Pathy, AL, Schlosser, B.J., Alikhan, A., Baldwin, HE, Berson, DS, ... & Bhushan, R. (2016). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(5), 945–973. 5. Bhadra, P. (2020). A literature review on acne due to hormonal changes and lifestyle. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 10(59), 18507-18521. 6. Sundene, N., & Doctor, N. Hormonal Acne: “Hormones and Acne” Holistic Dermatology Meets Natural Endocrinology!. 7. Madan, P. A Study on the Impact of Hormonal Imbalances on Acne Severity in Adult Females. 8. Permatasari, NJ, & Tan, ST (2024). Efficacy of Topical Niacinamide on Skin Hydration of Adolescents with Acne Vulgaris: An Experimental Study on the Adolescent Community in Jakarta, Indonesia. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 8(9), 4987-4995. 9. Vargas-Diez, E., Hofmann, M.A., Bravo, B., Malgazhdarova, G., Katkhanova, O.A., & Yutskovskaya, Y. (2013). Azelaic acid in the treatment of acne in adult females: Case reports. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(Suppl. 1), 18–25. 10. Rubin, M. G., Kim, K., & Logan, A. C. (2008). Acne vulgaris, mental health and omega-3 fatty acids: a report of cases. Lipids in health and disease, 7(1), 36. 11. Spencer, E.H., Ferdowsian, HR, & Barnard, N.D. (2009). Diet and acne: a review of the evidence. International journal of dermatology, 48(4).
Learn more
What is resveratrol? What are its effects on the skin?
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol produced in plants for defensive purposes, has become popular in skincare due to its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The increasing demand for naturally derived ingredients has led to a trend to replace synthetic ingredients with safer alternatives, with resveratrol becoming a prominent compound in this context. What is Resveratrol and Why is it Important for Skin? Resveratrol is a natural compound with multifaceted benefits for both skin and overall health. It is particularly noted for its protective, rejuvenating, and restorative effects on the skin. Chemically, it is a stilbene derivative and exists in two forms. Of these, trans-resveratrol is preferred because it is more stable, more effective, and, scientifically, has more potent antioxidant activity. Resveratrol as a natural polyphenol Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound found in plants such as grapevine flowers, grape skins, red wine, peanuts, and blueberries. It is part of the defense mechanism that plants develop against external factors such as stress, infection, and UV radiation (1). An antioxidant that fights free radicals in the skin Resveratrol is a powerful antioxidant, meaning it protects cells from oxidative stress by fighting free radicals. This helps prevent collagen breakdown, one of the major causes of premature aging (1). Key Benefits of Resveratrol on Skin Resveratrol has anti-aging, anti-blemish, and anti-inflammatory properties in skincare. It prevents collagen breakdown, reduces the appearance of wrinkles, and evens out skin tone. It's also an important compound for protecting skin against sun damage and environmental stressors. Effects that delay signs of aging Aging is a natural process accompanied by the functional and structural decline of various tissues and organs (2). The rapid increase in the aging world population has significantly increased research interest in anti-aging interventions (2). According to the results of the studies, SIRT1 is an enzyme that regulates the cell cycle, ensures genetic stability, and is associated with apoptosis (programmed cell death) (2). Resveratrol reduces DNA damage and extends cell life by directly or indirectly activating SIRT1 (2). Strengthening the skin barrier and moisture retention capacity Resveratrol supports the hydrolipid layer in the skin (3). It reduces TEWL (Transepidermal Water Loss), thus preventing moisture loss (3). It also reduces oxidative damage and inflammation by regulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways, which indirectly improves barrier function (4). A brighter, more even-toned and smoother skin appearance Topical resveratrol, with its powerful antioxidant effect, promotes collagen synthesis, improves skin smoothness, and reduces the appearance of fine lines. It has also been shown to be effective in lightening hyperpigmentation and pigmentation irregularities by suppressing melanogenesis mechanisms (5). Formulations containing resveratrol and its analogs (RTA, RTG) inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity, preventing melanin formation. In vitro, 3D skin models, and clinical studies have supported the skin-lightening effect of resveratrol, demonstrating positive results in improving human skin tone and reducing the appearance of blemishes (5). What Do Scientific Findings Say About Resveratrol? Scientific studies reveal that resveratrol, thanks to its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delays skin aging, reduces UV damage, and promotes cell regeneration. This demonstrates that resveratrol is an effective and reliable ingredient in maintaining skin health. Clinical studies and anti-aging effects In an eight-week study conducted with 20 volunteers to examine the natural skin rejuvenation effect of resveratrol, regular use (once daily) of a 2% resveratrol-containing emulsion reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), improved skin barrier function, improved skin elasticity by 5.3%, increased skin density by 10.7%, optimized pH balance, and supported hydration-increasing effects (6). The biological basis for this can be explained by resveratrol's ability to support keratinocyte differentiation and strengthen the barrier structure by stimulating ceramide and lipid synthesis. Which is more effective: topical (on the skin) use or supplements? Both topical and oral resveratrol have beneficial effects on skin health; however, clinical and pharmacokinetic data clearly indicate that topical use provides greater local benefits than supplements (7). Moderate and high doses of oral resveratrol may provide systemic benefits by activating antioxidant systems and sirtuin (SIRT1) pathways; however, due to its low bioavailability, it accumulates in tissues only slightly. Rapid metabolism in the liver and intestines may limit its effects (7). With topical application, resveratrol accumulates directly in the epidermis and stratum corneum, strengthening the skin barrier, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and improving collagen-supported structures in deep wrinkles (4). However, for systemic anti-aging, oral resveratrol may be complementary with its body-wide antioxidant effects. What Should You Consider When Choosing Skin Products Containing Resveratrol? In skin products, 0.5–1% resveratrol is generally sufficient for effectiveness (6). Its effect may be synergistic when used with ingredients such as vitamin C, niacinamide and hyaluronic acid; however, its stability may decrease when used together with acids such as AHA/BHA or with very low pH products (4). Using resveratrol in the morning with sunscreen enhances its antioxidant effect and helps prevent UV damage, while evening use supports skin renewal. Available as a lightweight serum or moisturizer, these products can easily be incorporated into multi-step skin routines. Can Anyone Use Resveratrol? Resveratrol is generally well-tolerated and known for its antioxidant and anti-aging effects; however, its suitability for each individual may vary depending on their circumstances (8). People with allergies or sensitive skin should choose low-concentration forms (0.1–0.5%) and perform a patch test before using resveratrol-containing products (8). While topical resveratrol has limited local effects on the skin during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it's recommended to avoid high-dose oral supplements. Additionally, individuals taking blood-thinning (anticoagulant) medications should not use both topical and systemic resveratrol supplements without consulting a doctor, as they may interact with resveratrol supplements. Conclusion Regular and correct use of resveratrol can provide significant benefits in maintaining skin health and reducing the signs of aging. Scientific research shows that this natural compound, particularly with its antioxidant and cell-regenerating properties, strengthens the skin barrier and plays a protective role against external factors. However, to best observe these effects, it is crucial to choose reliable formulations. While the right product selection, appropriate concentration, and regular use maximize the positive effects of resveratrol on the skin, inadvertent use can lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, based on scientific evidence, resveratrol is considered a valuable part of a conscious, long-term skincare strategy. REFERENCES 1) Baur, J. A., & Sinclair, DA (2006). Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 5(6), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2060 2) Zhou, DD, Cheng, J., Li, J., Wu, SX, Xiong, RG, Huang, SY, Cheung, PC, & Li, HB (2024). Resveratrol and Its Analogues: Anti-aging Effects and Underlying Mechanisms. Sub-cellular biochemistry, 107, 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66768-8_9 3) Igielska-Kalwat, J., Firlej, M., Lewandowska, A., & Biedziak, B. (2019). In vivo studies of resveratrol contained in cosmetic emulsions. Acta biochimica Polonica, 66(3), 371–374. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2019_2838 4) Mascarenhas-Melo, F., Araújo, ARTS, Rodrigues, M., Mathur, A., Gonçalves, MBS, Tanwar, K., Heidarizadeh, F., Nejaddehbashi, F., Rahdar, A., Mazzola, PG, Veiga, F., & Paiva-Santos, AC (2023). Dermatological Bioactivities of Resveratrol and Nanotechnology Strategies to Boost Its Efficacy—An Updated Review. Cosmetics, 10(3), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10030068 5) Boo, Y. C. (2019). Human Skin Lightening Efficacy of Resveratrol and Its Analogs: From in Vitro Studies to Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants, 8(9), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090332 6) Brinke, A. , Janssens-Böcker, C. and Kerscher, M. (2021) Skin Anti-Aging Benefits of a 2% Resveratrol Emulsion. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 11, 155-168. doi: 10.4236/jcdsa.2021.112015. 7) Alonso, C., Martí, M., Barba, C., Carrer, V., Rubio, L., & Coderch, L. (2017). Skin permeation and antioxidant efficacy of topically applied resveratrol. Archives of dermatological research, 309(6), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-017-1740-5 8) Ratz-Łyko, Anna & Arct, Jacek. (2018). Resveratrol as an active ingredient for cosmetic and dermatological applications: A review. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy. 21. 10.1080/14764172.2018.1469767.
Learn more
How to Choose Safe Toothpaste for Children?
Childhood is one of the most critical times for developing oral and dental health habits. Proper care habits developed during this period lay the foundation for an adult with healthy teeth. One of the most important components of this habit is using the right toothpaste from an early age. Choosing the right toothpaste, especially for children, is crucial for both protecting oral health and preventing potential health risks. Children may swallow toothpaste while brushing or keep it in their mouth for extended periods. Therefore, the ingredients in toothpaste should be harmless and age-appropriate. Furthermore, child-friendly tastes, scents, and colors make brushing enjoyable and contribute to the development of regular brushing habits [1]. This article explains the details you need to know about choosing the right toothpaste to ensure your child has a healthy and enjoyable oral care experience. What to Consider When Choosing Toothpaste for Children? The primary reason children use toothpaste is to prevent and control tooth decay [2]. When choosing a safe toothpaste for children, attention should be paid not only to its cleansing effect but also to the safety and age-appropriateness of its ingredients. Fluoride content, products free of harmful chemicals, and the use of natural ingredients are key criteria when choosing a toothpaste for children. The Importance of Fluoride Ratio Fluoride is one of the substances that prevents caries by strengthening tooth enamel. The widespread use of fluoride has significantly reduced the incidence and prevalence of tooth decay in children [3]. Toothpastes can contain various fluoride salts, such as sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, amine fluoride, and stannous fluoride [4]. The amount of fluoride added to toothpastes varies between 450 and 5000 ppm. However, the tendency of young children to swallow fluoride toothpaste poses certain risks. Studies have shown that, despite fluoride's proven protective effect against decay, there is an increase in the incidence of dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is a condition characterized by permanent white stains or streaks on tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride use during the early stages of tooth development. The first three years, when permanent front teeth are developing, are the period when the risk of fluorosis is highest. Therefore, children's fluoride intake should be carefully monitored [5]. Choosing Products That Do Not Contain Harmful Chemicals (SLS, Paraben, etc.) When choosing toothpaste for children, the potential health effects of the chemicals contained should be considered. Choose products that do not contain SLS, parabens, titanium dioxide, or similar controversial ingredients. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant that allows toothpastes to foam, wetting tooth surfaces and loosening residue and plaque [6]. However, research has revealed that SLS can cause damage and irritation at the cellular level [7]. Parabens are used in toothpaste formulations due to their antimicrobial properties. However, they are thought to pose a risk, particularly for developing children, due to their negative effects on the endocrine system. Furthermore, a study has shown that parabens left in the oral cavity can cause gingivitis and cavities [8]. Natural and Safe Ingredients Should Be Preferred Products with natural and safe ingredients support children's oral health while minimizing risks. Natural toothpastes for children contain naturally derived ingredients such as coconut oil, licorice root, calendula, chamomile, guava leaf, grape seed extract, myrrh oil, black mulberry, and cranberry extract. These ingredients have natural antibacterial and antioxidant properties, while also protecting the gums and maintaining microbial balance [9]. How to Choose Toothpaste According to Children's Age? Children's oral and dental development varies with age. Therefore, the toothpaste content and fluoride content should be appropriate for these developmental stages. Each age group's oral structure, tooth development process, and swallowing habits are different. Therefore, choosing toothpaste appropriate to a child's age is crucial for both effective oral care and safe use [1]. Choosing Toothpaste for 0-3 Years Olds Babies' primary teeth begin to appear between the ages of 0 and 3. This is a critical period for them to become accustomed to good oral hygiene. Because babies are at high risk of swallowing toothpaste, fluoride-free or low-fluoride (450–500 ppm) toothpastes should be preferred [10]. Furthermore, products containing natural ingredients, free of harmful chemicals such as SLS and parabens, should be used whenever possible. The amount of toothpaste should be the size of a grain of rice for children aged 0-3 [11]. Brushing should be done under parental supervision. Preferring formulas that are mild in taste and smell makes it easier for babies to develop the habit of brushing their teeth. Choosing Toothpaste for 3-6 Year Olds Children aged 3-6 can now brush their teeth themselves. However, they may still have difficulty swallowing toothpaste. Therefore, products with fluoride levels between 500 and 1000 ppm are recommended. If the child is at low risk for decay, a fluoride-free toothpaste with natural mineral and plant ingredients may be preferred. The amount of toothpaste for ages 3-6 should be the size of a pea. Children should always rinse their mouth after brushing and spit out the toothpaste and foam [12]. Even if the child is brushing alone, parental supervision is essential. Fruit-flavored and lightly scented toothpastes can attract the attention of this age group and encourage regular use. Choosing Toothpaste for Children Ages 6 and Older In children ages 6 and older, the majority of their teeth begin to emerge. This increases the risk of tooth decay. Children at this age are now able to spit out toothpaste. Therefore, toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride can be used in children ages 6 and older, as in adults [9]. However, if your child is at low risk for cavities or there are concerns about fluorosis, it's recommended that you make this decision in conjunction with your pediatric dentist. Products with appealing flavors and colors can be used to encourage toothbrushing habits. However, care should be taken to ensure the ingredients are natural and safe. The Effect of Toothpaste Choice on Children's Tooth Brushing Habits Tooth brushing is an important behavior that children acquire at an early age and should maintain throughout life. When choosing children's toothpaste, appealing to children in terms of taste, color, and scent makes it easier to adopt a regular brushing habit [13]. Features That Motivate Children (Taste, Color, Smell) Sensory factors such as taste, color, and smell are key factors in choosing toothpaste that encourage children to develop regular and conscientious oral care habits. One study found that children prefer toothpastes that are red, sweet-tasting, and fruity. These characteristics transform brushing from a tedious obligation into an enjoyable and fun habit [14]. Therefore, tested, child-friendly flavors should be selected to provide children with a more enjoyable brushing experience [15]. The Role of Choosing the Right Product in Forming a Habit Fluoride-free, natural toothpastes are a safer choice, especially for young children, as they are less likely to swallow the toothpaste. The taste, color, and smell of the product are key factors in determining whether a child will adopt this habit. This way, children develop the habit of brushing their teeth, while parents manage the process with peace of mind. By choosing the right products, children begin to view brushing not as an obligation, but as a fun routine they choose [16]. Choosing toothpastes formulated with safe and natural ingredients supports children's oral health. You can find Perio Toothpaste here as a product that meets these criteria. Points Parents Should Consider When Choosing Toothpaste When choosing the right toothpaste for their child, parents should consider ingredients, safety, ease of use, and the child's preferences. Toothpaste ingredients are designed based on criteria such as intended use, taste and fragrance, and age-appropriateness. Formulas developed for children differ from those developed for adults. Adult toothpastes contain higher levels of abrasives and may also contain concentrated surfactants and flavors. It is very important for parents to be conscious and careful during this process. Because the product chosen directly affects the child's oral and dental health and contributes to the development of hygiene habits in the long term [1]. How to Check Product Labels and Content? Parents should carefully examine the label when choosing a toothpaste. The ingredients listed on the label are important for determining whether the product is safe and appropriate for the child's age. For children under 6, parents should choose toothpastes made with natural ingredients, free of fluoride and SLS. Toothpastes formulated with natural ingredients may prefer plant-derived ingredients such as coconut oil, licorice root, calendula, grape seed extract, and guava leaf extract. These ingredients help maintain oral health while also supporting the oral flora [17]. Involving Children in the Product Selection Process The more fun the oral care process is for children, the easier it is for the habit to become a part of their daily lives. Small decisions, such as choosing a product's scent or examining the label, help children feel they have a say in the process. This motivates them and helps them view brushing as a fun routine, not a chore [18]. Tooth brushing becomes fun during childhood thanks to products formulated with safe ingredients, age-appropriate flavors, and colors that appeal to children. This helps children develop a habit and maintain a healthy oral structure throughout their lives. For this process to be effective, it's crucial for parents to choose products based on children's toothpaste recommendations that contain natural and safe ingredients. Source 1. Stovell, A.G., Newton, B.M., & Lynch, R.J. (2013). Important considerations in the development of toothpaste formulations for children. International dental journal, 63, 57-63. 2. DEVRİMCİ, EE, & TÜRKÜN, L. Ş. (2020). How to Choose Toothpaste? Turkey Clinics Restorative Dentistry-Special Topics, 6(2), 23-30. 3. Wong, MCM, Clarkson, J., Glenny, AM, Lo, ECM, Marinho, VCC, Tsang, BWK, ... & Worthington, H. V. (2011). Cochrane reviews on the benefits/risks of fluoride toothpastes. Journal of dental research, 90(5), 573-579. 4. Muhler, J. C., Radike, A. W., Nebergall, W. H., & Day, H. G. (1954). The effect of a stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice on career reduction in children. Journal of Dental Research, 33(5), 606-612. 5. Wright, J. T., Hanson, N., Ristic, H., Whall, C. W., Estrich, C. G., & Zentz, R. R. (2014). Fluoride toothpaste efficacy and safety in children younger than 6 years: a systematic review. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 145(2), 182-189. 6. Lambrecht, IHLJT (2011). oral care Topical Applications and the Mucosa, 40, 107-115. 7. Tadin, A., Gavic, L., Govic, T., Galic, N., Zorica Vladislavic, N., & Zeljezic, D. (2019). In vivo evaluation of fluoride and sodium lauryl sulphate in toothpaste on buccal epithelial cells toxicity. Acta odontologica scandinavica, 77(5), 386-393. 8. Ahn, GS, Park, YD, & Yoo, SM (2014). The exposure amount of paraben from commercial toothpaste. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 10(1), 31-36. 9. Diaz, MAN, de Oliveira Carvalho, I., & Diaz, G. (2015). Herbal dentifrices for children. Emerging Trends in Oral Health Sciences and Dentistry. 10. Wright, J. T., Hanson, N., Ristic, H., Whall, C. W., Estrich, C. G., & Zentz, R. R. (2014). Fluoride toothpaste efficacy and safety in children younger than 6 years: a systematic review. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 145(2), 182-189. 11. Cameron, A.C., & Widmer, R.P. (Eds.). (2021). Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry E-Book: Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 12. Cury, J. A., & Tenuta, L. M. A. (2014). Evidence-based recommendation on toothpaste use. Brazilian oral research, 28(spe), 1-7. 13. Mennella, J. A., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1998). Early flavor experiences: research update. Nutrition reviews, 56(7), 205-211. 14. Choudhari, S., Gurunathan, D., & Kanthaswamy, A. C. (2020). Children's perspective on color, smell and flavor of toothpaste. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 31(3), 338-342. 15. Stovell, A.G., Newton, B.M., & Lynch, R.J. (2013). Important considerations in the development of toothpaste formulations for children. International dental journal, 63, 57-63. 16. Davies, R., Scully, C., & Preston, A. J. (2010). Dentifrices: an update. 17. Dağ, C., & Özalp, N. (2013). Indispensable for oral and dental health: toothpastes. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 30(3), 149-56. 18. TÜMEN, EC CHILDREN'S DENTISTRY.
Learn more
Ways to Protect Your Hair from the Harmful Effects of the Sun in Summer
Sunlight is one of the most effective natural sources of vitamin D. Research suggests that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with hair loss. Therefore, exposing hair to the sun could be beneficial for scalp and overall hair health. However, while vitamin D is important for healthy hair, exposure to UV radiation through sunlight can cause serious hair damage. [1] What are the effects of the sun on hair? Even in small amounts, the sun affects the hair's life cycle thanks to vitamin D, allowing keratin to grow faster and stronger. [4] Another significant effect of sunlight on hair is weakening of the hair caused by protein damage. This occurs not only through direct contact with UV rays, but also through the sun's production of harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage hair. [3] How do sun rays affect hair structure? Photochemical damage to hair leads to the degradation and loss of hair proteins, as well as the deterioration of hair pigment. This can lead to problems such as dryness, loss of color, loss of shine, hardness, and brittleness. [2] Does sea and pool water damage hair? Salty seawater and the sun's ultraviolet rays are just as damaging to hair as the chlorine in swimming pools. Substances like salt and chlorine quickly penetrate hair strands and weaken their structure over time. Therefore, washing your hair with clean water after swimming in the sea or pool helps minimize the damage. [5] Does hair loss increase in summer? Research shows that hair loss increases particularly during the summer months, most notably in August and September [6]. UV exposure from sunlight can slow hair growth by affecting the hair cycle. Increased light damages structural hair proteins, while changes in melatonin and hormones can weaken follicles and increase hair loss. [7] Basic Methods for Protecting Hair in Summer There are simple steps you can take to protect your hair from the harmful effects of the sun in summer: Protect your hair from direct sun by covering it, Avoid heat styling, Choose shampoos and conditioners that moisturize your scalp, Avoid over-washing your hair.[9] Ways to physically protect hair from the sun Covering your head when going outside is one of the most effective ways to protect yourself from the sun's harmful effects. Use a light scarf, a wide-brimmed hat, or a cotton bandana [9]. Why is it important not to go out in the sun with wet hair? Prolonged exposure to wet hair is thought to be as damaging as blow-drying at high temperatures. While blow-drying can cause more surface damage, research suggests that using the device continuously from a distance of 15 cm (6 inches) is less damaging than drying hair naturally. [10] Which products should be used before sun exposure? Shampoos and preparations containing tannic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid have been proven to protect the scalp by blocking the passage of UV rays and also help the hair regenerate itself [8]. In addition, UV-protective sprays or hair serums are also recommended [9]. Extra Tips for Hair in Summer In addition to consuming enough water, your diet should include some hair-friendly foods: Biotin – for hair growth Omega-3 fatty acids – to nourish the scalp Zinc and Iron – to prevent hair loss [9] Additionally, a weekly scalp exfoliation helps promote strong hair growth by removing buildup and improving circulation. In addition to exfoliation, a massage using coconut, almond, or tea tree oil, depending on your scalp type, can deeply nourish the roots. [9] How to protect hair ends? Environmental factors can cause hair strands to become damaged and split at the ends, leading to split ends. To prevent this, be sure to get regular haircuts and gently comb your hair. [12] Why should you shower with lukewarm water instead of hot water? Washing hair with hot water dries out the scalp and can trigger eczema. Hot water damages the scalp and makes hair breakage easier. Therefore, hair should be washed with lukewarm water. [13] How does staying away from the hair dryer affect the hair? High temperatures during the summer months can make already sun-damaged hair even more vulnerable. Tools like straighteners, curling irons, and dryers can exacerbate this damage. Therefore, reducing the frequency of heat styling and always applying a heat protectant spray is important for hair health. [14] The sun's UV rays can damage the keratin protein, which gives structure to the scalp and hair. Furthermore, the scalp is more susceptible to sunburn and damage, which can accelerate skin aging and increase the risk of skin cancer. Covering your head when exposed to the sun, using hair products with UV filters, and rinsing your hair after swimming in the pool or ocean are effective measures you can take to protect your hair's health [11]. Source: 1. Is Sunlight Good for Your Hair? Evidence Review 2025 (14.4.2025), Dr. Ahmad Moussa (FRCS) 2. UV damage of the Hair (November 2008), Klaudija Sebetic, Ines Sjerobabski Masnec, Vlatka Cavka, Darko Biljan 3. Effects of solar radiation on hair and photoprotection, Short Review, Michelli F. Dario, André R. Baby, Maria Valéria R. Velasco 4. CENTER CLAUDERER, THE BENEFITS AND HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE SUN ON YOUR HAIR, Jean-François Cabos 5. Dr. Cemalettin Ekmekçioğlu - Chlorine in Pools is Harmful to Hair 6. Wiley Online Library - Seasonality of hair loss: a time series analysis of Google Trends data 2004–2016 (19 October 2017), EY Hsiang, YR Semenov, SG Kwatra 7. Frontiers - Melatonin Regulates the Periodic Growth of Cashmere by Upregulating the Expression of Wnt10b and β-catenin in Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats, (09 July 2021) 8. Protection and Restoration of Damaged Hair via a Polyphenol Complex by Promoting Mechanical Strength, Antistatic, and Ultraviolet Protection Properties by Hyun Jeong Won, Tae Min Kim, In-sook An, Heung Jin Bae, and Sung Young Park, (9 July 2023) 9. Sarvodaya Healthcare - Summer Hair Care Tips: Protect Your Scalp and Hair from Heat and Humidity (May 07, 2025), Dr. Shruti Kohli (Senior Consultant – Dermatology) 10. Hair Shaft Damage from Heat and Drying Time of Hair Dryer, Yoonhee Lee, MD, Youn-Duk Kim, MD, Hye-Jin Hyun, MD, Long-quan Pi, Ph.D., Xinghai Jin, MD and Won-Soo Lee, MD, (Nov 03, 2011) 11. Everyday Health - How to Protect Your Hair Against Sun Damage, By Christine Byrne, (July 25, 2024) 12. What's Good for Split Ends? Dr. Ahmet Güldü, Dermatology (Skin Medicine), (18.11.2024) 13. Hair Washing Frequency - Prof. Dr. Zekayi Kutlubay, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology 14. Tulip Hospital – Hair Fall Increases in Summer? Here's Why
Learn more
Do Sunscreens Inhibit Vitamin D Uptake?
It wouldn't be wrong to say that the sun is life. The sun offers many benefits. The most well-known is that it's the primary source of vitamin D. However, prolonged exposure to the sun, a cornerstone of life, can cause some damage to our skin. Therefore, it's necessary to use a protective product like sunscreen. So, when we use sunscreen, are we negating the benefits of the sun along with its harmful effects? What is Vitamin D used for and how is it produced? Vitamin D plays a role in many processes in our bodies. It regulates many vital processes, from bone health to the immune system. Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin when exposed to UV light. When UV rays, especially UVB light, come into contact with the skin, vitamin D3 is synthesized through a series of reactions. Additionally, vitamin D can be obtained through food.[2] The functions of vitamin D in the body The primary effect of vitamin D is to increase the amount of calcium in our bodies. It also has effects on the immune system and mood. Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with depression in individuals. [1][3] The process of synthesis in the skin with sunlight When sunlight or UV rays reach the skin, D3 synthesis occurs in the skin. D3 is then converted into a usable form by two different enzymatic reactions within the body. First, D3 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) in the liver. Then, 25(OH)D is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) in the kidneys.[4] This resulting product reabsorbs calcium from our intestines, thus helping to maintain bone health. How Do Sunscreens Affect Vitamin D Production? Sunscreens work by creating a barrier on the skin. While this barrier protects against the harmful effects of the sun, it also affects the amount of vitamin D3 produced in the skin. [5] Does sunscreen block UVB rays? Sunlight rays are classified as UVA, UVB, and UVC based on their wavelengths. These rays have different effects on the skin. UVB is the primary ray responsible for skin redness. It is also responsible for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Sunscreens, depending on their properties, can block UVA, UVB, or both. [5][6] What do scientific studies say? When we stand in the sun in the summer, UVB photons from the sun enter the skin and cause the formation of vitamin D3. Sunscreens block these rays and also reduce the formation of vitamin D3. [7] Prolonged exposure to unprotected sunlight can cause redness, itching, and even cancer. Furthermore, the amount of vitamin D produced varies from person to person depending on several factors. Many variables, such as when and how long we are exposed to the sun, our clothing, and individual factors, affect the amount of vitamin D produced in the skin. [5] How to Use Sunscreen and Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem today. So, what should we be careful about to avoid vitamin D deficiency? Is not wearing sunscreen enough to cause vitamin D deficiency? Controlled sun exposure The best way to increase vitamin D levels is to expose skin unprotected to the sun for short periods of time and regularly. In other words, this is controlled sun exposure. However, prolonged exposure to the sun without protection is not beneficial. [5] Recommended daily sun exposure time It's impossible to give a definitive daily recommended sun exposure time, as this varies from person to person. An average would suggest 5-30 minutes of sun exposure without sun protection is sufficient. This amount depends on your skin type (if you experience redness or burning after 20 minutes, 10-15 minutes will be sufficient). [5] [8] SPF selection and correct use It wouldn't be right to blame sunscreen for the primary cause of vitamin D deficiency. Sunscreen use reduces vitamin D production, but it doesn't completely prevent it. Furthermore, many people lack sufficient knowledge about choosing and using the right sunscreen, which affects the quality of the protection provided. For more detailed information on choosing and using sunscreen, you can read our article : What is SPF? A Guide to Sunscreen Selection and Use .[9] Additional Tips for Maintaining Your Vitamin D Levels Almost half of the world's population is deficient in vitamin D. While vitamin D is found in many foods, these foods are not as rich as many people think. Therefore, even a healthy diet may not provide adequate vitamin D intake. [8] What foods contain vitamin D? Cheese, eggs, and dairy products, which are often found in our diets, contain vitamin D. However, fatty fish such as trout, salmon, tuna, and mackerel are richer in vitamin D.[8] How should supplement products be used? Although vitamin D supplements are available over-the-counter, they should be used under the supervision of a doctor. A treatment plan should be developed based on an individual's blood count and any underlying health conditions. This personalized treatment plan will yield more effective results. Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem today. Short-term sun exposure without sunscreen is sufficient to boost the body's vitamin D production. However, if you spend extended periods of time in the sun, sunscreen must be used; otherwise, skin health can be negatively affected. If you're looking for an effective and safe product to protect your skin from the sun, you can explore ourLife from the Sun products. Source [1] Ao, T., Kikuta, J., & Ishii, M. (2021). The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(11), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111624 [2] Bikle, Daniel D. (2014). Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications. Chemistry & Biology, Volume 21, Issue 3, 319 – 329 [3] Webb, A. R. (2006). Who, what, where and when—influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004 [4] Lips, P. (2006). Vitamin D physiology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016 [5] Webb, A. R. (2006). Who, what, where and when—influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004 [6] Yang, J. W., Fan, G. B., Tan, F., Kong, H. M., Liu, Q., Zou, Y., & Tan, Y. M. (2023). The role and safety of UVA and UVB in UV-induced skin erythema. Frontiers in medicine, 10, 1163697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1163697 [7] Kimlin, M.G., Olds, W.J., & Moore, M.R. (2007). Location and vitamin D synthesis: Is the hypothesis validated by geophysical data? Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 86(3), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.01.007 [8] Srivastava SB (2021). Vitamin D: Do We Need More Than Sunshine?. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 15(4), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211005689 [9] Young, AR, Narbutt, J., Harrison, GI, Lawrence, KP, Bell, M., O'Connor, C., Olsen, P., Grys, K., Baczynska, KA, Rogowski-Tylman, M., Wulf, HC, Lesiak, A., & Philipsen, PA (2019). Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn. The British journal of dermatology, 181(5), 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17888
Learn more
Cradle Cap Problem in Babies: Causes, Symptoms and Effective Natural Solutions
It's natural to be concerned when you notice unexpected yellowish, oily crusts on your little one's scalp. You might be wondering, "Does my baby have cradle cap?" First of all, cradle cap (seborrheic dermatitis) in babies is a fairly common and generally harmless skin condition. This condition, which occurs on the sensitive skin of little ones, usually doesn't indicate a serious health problem and can be easily managed with the right approach. In this article, you'll find answers to all your questions, such as what causes cradle cap in babies, what its symptoms are, and you'll discover effective and natural remedies for cradle cap, as well as home care tips. Our goal is to provide reliable information to help you soothe your baby's skin. Remember, every baby's skin is unique, and you can ease this process with the right natural baby care products. Now, let's take a closer look at cradle cap, also known as baby scalp crust. What is Cradle Cap (Scalp Crust) in Babies and What Are Its Symptoms? Cradle cap in babies, often discussed among parents, is a common skin condition referred to in medical literature as "infantile seborrheic dermatitis." It typically appears within the first few weeks or months after birth and often disappears on its own by the baby's first birthday. While it's most commonly seen on babies' scalps, it can also manifest itself on other parts of the body. So, what exactly is cradle cap in babies? Cradle cap is a generally harmless, non-inflammatory type of crust and rash that appears in areas of the skin where the oil glands are concentrated. It often presents as thick, greasy, yellowish or brownish crusts on a red, slightly scaly base. While this appearance may be alarming, it's important to know that cradle cap is not contagious and generally doesn't cause serious discomfort to the baby. It shouldn't be considered an allergic reaction or a sign of poor hygiene. Cradle cap symptoms can vary from baby to baby. In general, you may observe the following: visible, adherent crusts on the scalp; mild redness on the skin; and flaking that may appear oily or dry. Cradle cap can progress differently in every baby. If you have concerns or if symptoms are severe, it's best to consult a pediatrician. Your doctor can confirm the condition and, if necessary, advise you on appropriate treatment methods. A good place to start for your home care routine is by choosing reliable baby care products suitable for your baby's sensitive skin. What Does Cradle Cap Look Like? Typical Symptoms (Yellowish Crusts, Greasy Scales) If you suspect cradle cap in babies, there are some characteristic physical signs you should carefully observe. The most obvious is the formation of crusts on the baby's skin, especially on the scalp. So, what does the mansion look like? Yellowish Crusts and Oily Flakes: The most striking feature is the frequent appearance of yellowish crusts on babies' skin. They can sometimes be whitish or brownish. They feel oily to the touch and adhere tightly to the skin. Over time, they can dry and crack, and oily flakes can become visible on babies' scalps. The flakes can resemble fine dandruff or form thicker layers. This appearance is also called "milk crust." Thick, Sticky Layers: While the crusts can be thin, they can also become quite thick and cover a large area, giving the appearance of a hood being placed over the baby's head. They generally don't peel off easily; forcing them can irritate the delicate skin underneath. Mild Redness of the Skin (Sometimes): The skin in the affected area is usually normal in color or may be very slightly pink. Severe redness or inflammation is usually not directly related to the affected area. Scabs Adhering to Hair: If the scalp is affected, this can manifest as scabs on the baby's hair, which can adhere to the hair shaft. This doesn't cause permanent hair loss; as the scabs clear, the attached hair may fall out, but new hair will grow in its place. Odorless or slightly oily odor: The host is often odorless. Thick, long-standing shells may have a slightly oily odor. Observing these symptoms will help you understand infant cradle cap. If you notice any atypical features (severe redness, discharge, bleeding), consult a healthcare professional. In which areas is cradle cap usually seen? (Scalp, Eyebrows, Behind the Ear) While the head is the first area that comes to mind when talking about cradle cap in babies, it can also occur in other areas of the body where the sebaceous glands are active. Here are the most common areas: Scalp (Most Common): The top of the baby's head, areas near the forehead, and sometimes the entire scalp can be affected. Typical yellowish crusts and oily flakes are visible here. This is also known as "cradle cap," a term used to describe the formation of crusts on baby hair. Face Area: Eyebrows: Cradle cap is common on infant eyebrows and appears as thin, yellowish or whitish flakes and crusts. Forehead and Eyelids: There may be mild redness and fine flaking on the forehead and eyelids. o Nose Sides and Cheeks: Less frequently, it can be seen on the nose sides and cheeks. Around the Ear: Behind the Ear: Behind-the-ear cradle cap is also common in infants; yellowish, oily crusts and sometimes cracks appear in the skin folds behind the ear. o Inside the Ear (Outer Part): There may be flaking and crusting in the outer parts of the ear and in the folds of the auricle. Inguinal Areas (Less Common): It can also be seen in areas such as the neck folds, armpits, and diaper area (groin). The appearance in these areas may be redder and less thickly crusted. Cradle cap in the diaper area can be confused with diaper rash; a doctor's opinion is important. The prevalence of cradle cap varies from baby to baby. If it appears in more than one area or spreads, it should be evaluated by a pediatrician. Does Cradle Cap Itch? Does It Disturb the Baby? "I wonder if this bothers my baby? Does cradle cap cause itching?" is a common question for parents. Cradle cap in babies often doesn't cause itching or it's very mild. Most babies don't experience any significant discomfort. However, in some cases it may cause mild itching: Thickness and Tension of Peels: Peels that are too thick may create a feeling of tension on the skin. Mild Inflammation: Rarely, a mild inflammation under the skin can trigger itching. Dry Skin: If skin dryness is present along with cradle cap, itching may increase. How can you tell if your baby is suffering from cradle cap? Symptoms include restlessness, crying, difficulty falling asleep, scratching or rubbing the area, and rubbing their face against the pillow. Itching can be particularly disruptive to nighttime sleep. Constant scratching can irritate the skin, cause minor injuries, and, in very rare cases, lead to secondary infections. If you notice signs of infection in the affected area, such as excessive redness, warmth, swelling, purulent discharge, or a foul odor, consult a doctor immediately. It's important for parents to carefully observe their babies. If itching or discomfort is significant, consult your doctor to discuss appropriate cradle cap removal methods. What Causes Cradle Cap in Babies? The Most Common Triggers There's no single, definitive answer to the question, "What causes cradle cap in babies?" Multiple factors are thought to play a role in its development. It's important to emphasize that cradle cap isn't caused by a lack of care or poor hygiene, and it's not contagious. Cradle cap formation in babies is generally a complex and multifactorial process. Factors include hormonal changes, certain microorganisms naturally found on the skin, and genetic predisposition. Understanding the causes will help alleviate your concerns and help you choose the right care methods. The Effect of Maternal Hormones and Overactivity of Sebaceous Glands A key answer to the question of what causes cradle cap in babies lies in the temporary effects of hormones passed from mother to baby on the skin. These hormones, transferred to the baby through the placenta in late pregnancy, can remain in the baby's bloodstream for some time after birth, stimulating the sebaceous glands. This hormonal effect, particularly through androgens, causes the baby's sebaceous glands to produce more sebum (skin oil) than normal. Excess sebum combines with dead cells on the skin's surface to form a sticky layer. Over time, this layer dries and thickens, forming yellowish crusts in areas with dense sebaceous glands, especially on the scalp, and oily flakes on the scalp in babies, creating the typical cradle cap appearance. Fortunately, this hormonal effect is entirely temporary. After birth, the level of hormones transmitted from the mother decreases over time, allowing the baby's sebaceous gland activity and sebum production to return to normal. Therefore, cradle cap in babies usually begins in the first few weeks or months and often disappears on its own before the baby's first birthday. The severity of cradle cap can vary from baby to baby. This is one of the basic natural mechanisms of cradle cap formation and is a temporary process that does not pose a threat to your baby's health. The Role and Effects of the Fungus Malassezia on the Skin Another factor we encounter when searching for answers to the question of what causes cradle cap in babies is a type of yeast (fungus) called Malassezia, which naturally lives on the skin's surface. Malassezia is a lipophilic (oil-loving) yeast found particularly in areas with dense oil glands and feeds on the skin's sebum. It is normally harmless. Although the role of Malassezia in host formation is not fully established, there are strong theories: Increased Sebum and Yeast Overgrowth: Increased sebum due to maternal hormones creates an ideal environment for Malassezia yeast to proliferate. Excess yeast can disrupt skin balance. Skin Irritation Byproducts: Malassezia secretes certain fatty acids, such as oleic acid, when metabolizing sebum. Some infants' skin may be sensitive to these byproducts, which can cause irritation, redness, and accelerated cell turnover, contributing to the formation of cradle cap. Immune System Response: The response of the infant's immature immune system to Malassezia or its metabolic products may also play a role in host development. It's not fully understood why some babies develop yeast-related cravings while others don't; it may be related to the baby's skin type and immune system. In persistent cases, doctors may recommend antifungal products, but these should always be used under medical supervision. Malassezia yeast is thought to be a contributing factor to cravings in babies, especially in the presence of increased sebum. However, this condition is not a "fungal infection" but rather a natural yeast response to various conditions. Do Skin Type and Genetic Predisposition Affect Host Formation? In addition to hormonal fluctuations and Malassezia yeast, the question of why some babies are more susceptible to cradle cap comes down to skin type and genetic inheritance. While definitive evidence is limited, there are observations that these factors may play an indirect role. Some babies' skin may be naturally oilier. Babies who produce more sebum may be prone to cradle cap, as this increased sebum provides a favorable environment for Malassezia and facilitates crust formation. Furthermore, babies' immature skin barriers may be more vulnerable to external factors. Cradle cap (and seborrheic dermatitis in adults) is more common in some families, which may indicate a genetic predisposition. A history of cradle cap or skin conditions such as eczema in parents or siblings may increase the likelihood of developing cradle cap in babies. However, these genetic links are not yet fully understood. A direct scientific link between nutrition (breast milk or formula) and cradle cap has not been established. The impact of environmental factors (climate, humidity) is also unclear, although excessively hot and humid environments could theoretically exacerbate cradle cap symptoms in some infants. Ultimately, your baby's skin type and genetic inheritance may increase their susceptibility to developing cradle cap, but these factors often combine with hormonal and microbial interactions to create the picture. Natural and Safe Solutions for Cradle Cap that Can Be Applied at Home When dealing with cradle cap on your baby's skin, your priority is to use gentle and effective methods that won't harm their delicate skin. Cradle cap in babies generally doesn't require serious medical intervention and can be managed with simple, natural, and safe methods you can apply at home. Patience and regular care are your greatest allies. What can be used for cradle cap without harming baby skin? The answer lies in naturalness and gentleness. Baby skin is very sensitive, so it's crucial that the products and methods you choose for cradle cap care are suitable for your baby's skin and free of irritating chemicals, fragrances, parabens, and alcohol. In this regard, natural baby care products and comprehensive baby care sets specifically designed for babies can offer a safe start. Basic Principles: When treating baby cradle cap with natural methods, pay attention to the following: Never force it: Do not scrape the scabs with your fingernails. This can irritate the skin, cause bleeding, and increase the risk of infection. Choose Natural and Gentle Products: Oils, shampoos and creams should be special for baby skin, hypoallergenic and, if possible, organic. Regular but not excessive care: Washing the skin too often or using excessive products can disrupt the skin's natural barrier. Now, let's look at the methods you can apply step by step during the baby mansion cleaning process. Step 1: Softening the Cradle Cap (The Power of Natural Oils): The first step in treatment is to gently soften the dry crusts. This makes the cradle cap removal process easier. Natural oils are ideal. Which Natural Oils Should Be Preferred? Pure virgin olive oil Sweet almond oil (allergy test recommended before use) Organic coconut oil Jojoba oil Special host care oils for babies (may contain more than one beneficial oil) These types of natural oils can be included in care products specially formulated for baby skin. How Should It Be Applied? Gently massage a small amount of oil into the affected area. Leaving it on for 15–30 minutes is usually sufficient. Be careful not to leave the oil on the skin for too long (unless advised by a doctor). Always test any oil you use for the first time on a small area. To remove the softened crusts, thoroughly rinse the oil off with a suitable baby shampoo afterward. This step is one of the most effective solutions to the question, "How does cradle cap affect babies?" Step 2: Gently Scrub and Remove Crust: Now that you've softened the crust with natural oils, it's ready to be gently removed. The goal is to dislodge the loosened crust. Which Tools Should Be Used? Soft Baby Hair Brush: Special brushes designed specifically for kennels are ideal. Fine-Toothed Baby Comb: The ends should be rounded and should not irritate the baby's sensitive skin. Clean and Soft Cloth: Can be used to gently wipe in mild cases of cradle cap. How Should It Be Applied? After the oil softening process, comb the affected area with your chosen brush or comb using very gentle movements before rinsing or during shampooing. You can apply it to your scalp in the opposite direction of hair growth or in a circular motion. Remember, the goal is to remove only loosened crusts—avoid pressing on the skin. Important Tips: Always be gentle, do not force. If you notice skin redness or irritation, stop the application immediately. Be patient; do not try to clear all the mansions at once. Shorter, more frequent applications are generally more effective and safer. Step 3: Wash and Rinse with Gentle Shampoo: The softened and loosened hosta shells and oil need to be removed from the skin. Which Shampoo Should You Use? Choose a shampoo specifically designed for babies that is hypoallergenic, tear-free, and free of perfume, parabens, and sulfates. How to Wash and Rinse: Use lukewarm water. Gently massage a small amount of shampoo into a lather. Rinse thoroughly; residue can clog pores. After bathing, gently pat dry with a soft towel. This step completes your home care routine. Conclusion: Overcoming the Host Problem with Love and Patience Cradle cap, which appears on your little one's skin, is a generally harmless and temporary condition encountered by many parents. In this article, we've answered questions like: what causes cradle cap in babies, what its symptoms are, and how it's treated. We've covered a wide range of details, from maternal hormones to natural yeasts on the skin to proper care methods. Remember, while yellowish crusts and oily flakes may appear on babies' scalps, this condition can be managed with a correct and gentle approach. Steps you can apply at home, such as softening with natural oils, gentle brushing, and washing with a suitable baby shampoo, will guide you through the cradle cap removal process. It's important to be patient, treat your baby's skin gently, and make skin-friendly choices, especially natural baby care products. Baby care sets designed for comprehensive care can also make the task easier. When to See a Specialist? If, despite your at-home methods, cradle cap symptoms don't improve or worsen, if they've spread to very large areas, if there are signs of skin infection (excessive redness, swelling, discharge, foul odor), if your baby is extremely restless, or if you're unsure of the diagnosis, be sure to consult a pediatrician or pediatric dermatologist. Every baby's skin is unique and will grow stronger over time to overcome these sensitivities. The care, love, and attention you provide are the foundation for your baby's healthy growth. These minor skin issues are usually temporary. With the right information and informed care, you can soothe your baby's skin. Source American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD). (n.d.). Cradle Cap: Diagnosis and Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/az/cradle-cap-treatment Arican, O., & Kural, E. (2006). Seborrheic dermatitis: Current approaches. Turkderm - Archives of the Turkish Dermatology and Venereology, 40(2), 49-55. Büyüköztürk, S., Gelincik, A., Utaş, S., Demirtürk, M., & Özşeker, F. (2010). Distribution and antifungal susceptibilities of Malassezia species in patients with seborrheic dermatitis. Journal of the Turkish Microbiology Society, 40(2), 90-96. Cohen, B. A. (2013). Infantile seborrheic dermatitis: a practical approach to an old foe. Contemporary Pediatrics, 30(7), 28-32. Elgörmüş, N., & Kaçar, N. (2015). Seborrheic dermatitis in infancy and childhood. Turkish Clinics J Dermatol-Special Topics, 8(2), 38-42. Foley, P., Zuo, Y., Plunkett, A., Merlin, K., & Marks, R. (2003). The frequency of common skin conditions in preschool-age children in Australia: seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis capitis (cradle cap). Archives of Dermatology, 139(3), 318-322. DOI: 10.1001/archderm.139.3.318 Gupta, A. K., & Bluhm, R. (2004). Seborrheic dermatitis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 18(1), 13-26. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00693.x Harmancı, K., & Öztaş, P. (2018). Childhood Seborrheic Dermatitis. Turkish Clinics Pediatric Dermatology - Special Topics, 4(1), 26-30. Kastarinen, H., Oksanen, T., Okokon, E.O., & Kaariaho, M. (2014). Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis: a systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5), CD009446. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009446.pub2 Kundak, AA (2017). Newborn and Infant Skin Problems and Care. Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Medical Journal, 9(3), 105-111. Mayo Clinic. (2023, August 22). Cradle cap. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cradle-cap/symptoms-causes/syc-20350396 National Health Service (NHS). (2022, December 12). Cradle cap. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cradle-cap/ Nobles, T., & Harberger, S. (2021). Seborrheic Dermatitis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551707/ Schwartz, R.A., Janusz, C.A., & Janniger, C.K. (2006). Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview. American Family Physician, 74(1), 125-130. Tüzün, Y., & Kotoğyan, A. (Eds.). (2008). Dermatology (3rd Edition). Nobel Medical Bookstores. (Related sections: Seborrheic Dermatitis) Yaşar, Ş., & Gür, G. (2011). Clinical and demographic features in cases with infantile seborrheic dermatitis. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 46(3), 229-232. DOI: 10.4274/tpa.46.03.09
Learn more
Intensive Moisture Therapy for Dry and Cracked Hands: Rescue Care Secrets
Skin is our largest organ, covering the body's surface, and is the first point of contact with the external environment. Chemicals, soaps, clothing, and high or low temperatures come into contact with our skin first[1]. Our skin acts as an important barrier, protecting the body from the ingress of various external chemicals and compounds and also preventing fluid and electrolyte loss from the internal environment[2]. Healthy skin owes its elasticity and softness largely to its water content. The outermost layer of the skin, thanks to the oils it contains, slows water evaporation and helps retain moisture in the lower layers. When this oil layer is depleted, the skin becomes dry. If dry skin is not due to a hereditary disease or another health problem, this condition is called "xeroderma"[3]. Doctors and pharmacists are frequently asked about dry skin (xerosis, xeroderma). Regardless of age or gender, dry skin is more common in the elderly, affecting perhaps 75% of people aged 64 and over[4]. The symptoms of dry skin manifest as symptoms that become more severe as the condition persists and/or worsens. When the skin is extremely dry, the hands initially become red[5]. So why do hands crack? Cracks are thin, superficial, similar to those seen on antique porcelain (eczema cracks) and are caused by moisture loss from the skin's surface. These cracks can form along and accentuate natural skin lines, leaving the skin feeling rough and uneven[6,7]. If dryness persists, the skin becomes tight, and flaking or peeling begins to appear. As the cracks widen and deepen, they eventually reach the depths of the dermal capillaries. Bleeding occurs due to abrasion at this depth. Itching resulting from dryness is common and can be severe. Scratching to relieve it can cause peeling of the skin and infection[8,9]. Many people today complain of dry hands. Therefore, in this article, we've covered the causes of dry hands and what can be done to treat them. The first treatment for dry and cracked hands is to moisturize them frequently and regularly with a good moisturizer. Moisturizers are available from many cosmetic brands, multi-cosmetic companies, and even pharmaceutical companies. Finding the right moisturizer for you and using it frequently throughout the day is crucial for treating dry hands. When choosing a moisturizer, it's best to choose brands that don't conduct animal testing, don't use hormone-disrupting or harmful chemicals like alcohol, parabens, SLS, and SLES, don't harm the environment, and can provide information about their sustainability policies . What are the main causes of dry and cracked hands? Hands can dry and crack for many reasons. So, what are the causes of dry hands? Cold or hot weather, wind, frequent handwashing and disinfectant use, certain chemicals and allergens, and conditions like psoriasis and eczema are among the causes of dry, cracked hands. Insufficient water consumption is also a contributing factor to dry skin. Let's examine these causes in more detail. Effect of Weather Conditions: Cold, Wind and Dry Air The question of why hands dry in winter may be on many people's minds. Winter is a peak time for dry skin complaints due to low humidity in the air and heating systems that force hot, dry air into homes or workplaces[5]. However, frequent use of air conditioning in the summer also removes most of the moisture from the air, leading to dry skin[1,5]. Maintaining a certain level of humidity will prevent our hands from drying out. Therefore, using humidifiers or placing a bowl of water on the radiators in the house, especially during the winter months, is helpful. Sunlight also dehydrates the epidermis, worsening dry skin[6]. Therefore, in addition to moisturizers, it's important to use sunscreen and reapply it every two hours. The Role of Frequent Hand Washing and Disinfectant Use Frequent handwashing can cause dry hands. Surfactants and soaps used for handwashing also reduce surface skin oils and negatively affect skin proteins[10]. Patients with dry hands should switch from overly irritating soaps and cleansers to milder soaps and minimize the amount of soap they use when washing their hands[11]. Because the use of harsh towels causes unacceptable friction on the skin, patients should be advised to dry their skin gently. Furthermore, because cold water dries the skin less than hot water, the use of cold water may be recommended[10]. Individuals who work in professions that frequently involve contact with water or perform wet tasks, such as wearing rubber gloves for more than two hours a day, are at risk and are advised to use appropriate gloves, frequently air their hands, and regularly use moisturizers. Disinfectant products can also cause dry hands. Individuals with dry hands should carefully select and use disinfectant products. Chemicals and Allergens Contacted in Daily Life Many chemicals erode the skin surface, disrupting its integrity and causing cracks. Soaps and detergents, colognes, and disinfectants are examples of these chemicals. Contact allergens include metals, preservatives, rubber chemicals, hair dyes, epoxies, and acrylates[12]. Skin contact with highly acidic foods and proteins such as latex can also cause contact dermatitis[13]. The Effect of Skin Disorders Such as Eczema and Psoriasis Eczema is a common disease, with an annual prevalence of 9% in the adult European population[14]. Eczema is a complex disease in which both individual and environmental factors play a role. It is characterized by disruptions in the skin barrier, immune system, and skin microbiome[15,16]. The goals of treating dry hands caused by eczema are to reduce inflammation, relieve itching, reduce its severity, and prevent recurrence. Environmental factors identified as triggers of eczema should be limited or eliminated[12]. All patients with eczema should receive education on skin care and protection. What is Intensive Moisture Therapy and What are its Benefits for Hands? Hand care for dry skin is crucial for a person's quality of life. Creams that reach deeper layers of the skin, providing deep, rather than superficial, moisturization, can be recommended for those with severe cracked hands. Thanks to intensive moisture therapy, people with dry hands can see faster results. Intensive moisture therapy products not only moisturize the skin more quickly but also maintain moisture for longer periods of time. Creams with these properties are effective for treating people with severely dry hands or those who, due to their profession, cannot moisturize their hands frequently. Methods to Restore Moisture Lost by the Skin First, it's important to identify the factors that can cause excessive dry hands. This allows us to address each cause individually and follow a healthier path. If the air in your home is dry, we can use humidifiers. We should avoid using excessively hot or cold water and use soaps that are less likely to irritate our hands. If we use disinfectant products, we should choose those more suitable for sensitive skin. We should not forget to use sunscreen to protect ourselves from the sun's rays and reapply it frequently. We should drink 2 liters of water daily. Most importantly, we should remember to use skin-friendly dry hand care products . Repairing and Strengthening the Barrier Function of Hand Skin The answer to the question of how to treat dry hands is actually to repair and strengthen the skin's barrier function. The answer to the question of what helps cracked hands is the same: regular moisturizer use. The net effect of moisturizer use is softening the skin. Moisturizing ingredients include mineral oils (e.g., liquid paraffin, petrolatum), waxes (e.g., lanolin, beeswax, carnauba), long-chain esters, fatty acids, and mono-, di-, and triglycerides. Moisturizers hydrate the stratum corneum through a hygroscopic effect, improving its elasticity. Moisturizing ingredients include alpha-hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, and tartaric acid, as well as urea, glycerin, and propylene glycol [6]. Depending on the moisturizer's effectiveness, these compounds can be used alone or in combination. Stubborn Dry Hands: When to See a Doctor? In fact, you should see a doctor when your daily routine starts to be disrupted, when the redness in your hands becomes more severe and begins to dry, when you feel discomfort when gripping due to tension, when this dryness turns into a persistent dry hand problem that does not improve despite the products you use, when cracks appear or when these cracks begin to bleed. Conditions That Do Not Respond to Home Treatments The products you use to repair your hand skin barrier may not always be suitable. If you can't find the right product for you or if you use products that contain ingredients that can cause skin sensitivity, your treatment may progress slowly. In such cases, you should closely monitor your progress and consult with specialists such as your doctor and pharmacist to find the best moisturizer for you. If you have conditions like eczema, home treatments may not be sufficient, so you should see a doctor as soon as possible. Signs of Infection: Severe Redness, Swelling, Pain, or Discharge If left untreated, dry hands can crack over time, and these cracks can progress and lead to bleeding. The itching caused by dryness causes a person to constantly scratch their hands. If hands are not sufficiently clean, this increases the risk of infection. When an infection develops, symptoms such as severe redness, swelling, pain, and discharge occur. The infected area becomes noticeably red and swollen, and pain may be felt along with the itching. If left untreated, the infection can progress, leading to pus formation and spread. Therefore, if you notice such symptoms, you should consult a doctor immediately and receive the recommended treatment regularly. References 1. Egawa M, Oguri M, Kuwahara T, Takahashi M. Effect of exposure to human skin in a dry environment. Skin Res Technol. 2002;8:212-218. 2. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(Suppl 1):43-48. 3. Dinulos, JGH. 2025. Dry Skin (Xeroderma), https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/cornification-disorders/dry-skin-xeroderma. Access date: 30.05.2025 4. Heymann WR, Gans EH, Manders SM, et al. Xerosis in hypothyroidism: a potential role for the use of topical thyroid hormone in euthyroid patients. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57:736-739. 5. Norman R.A. Xerosis and pruritus in the elderly: recognition and management. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:254-259. 6. Ademola J, Frazier C, Kim SJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of 40% urea and 12% ammonium lactate in the treatment of xerosis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:217-222. 7. Lodén M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:771-788. 8. Grove G, Zerweck C. An evaluation of the moisturizing and anti-itch effects of a lactic acid and pramoxine hydrochloride cream. Cutis. 2004;73:135-139. 9. Moses S. Pruritus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:1135-1142. 10. Derk CT, Vivino FB. A primary care approach to Sjögren's syndrome: helping patients cope with sicca symptoms, extraglandular manifestations. Postgrad Med. 2004;116:49-54, 59, 65. 11. National Library of Medicine. Dry skin. Available www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.html 12. Carøe TK, Ebbehøj N, Agner T. A survey of exposures related to recognized occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):56-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12134 13. Johansen, J.D. 2025. Håndeksem. Weekly Doctors. 187:V10240682. doi: 10.61409/V10240682 https://ugeskriftet.dk/videnskab/haandeksem Access date: 30.05.2025 14. Quaade AS, Wang X, Sølberg JBK et al. Circulating biomarkers are associated with disease severity of chronic hand eczema and atopic dermatitis. BrJ Dermatol. 2023;189(1):114-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljad110 15. Tauber M, Bérard E, Lourari S et al. Latent class analysis categorizes chronic hand eczema patients according to skin barrier impairment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(7):1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16083 16. Nørreslet LB, Edslev SM, Andersen PS et al. Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with hand eczema: prevalence and association with severity, atopic dermatitis, subtype and nasal colonization. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(6): 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13679
Learn more
Causes of Brittle Nails and Natural Treatment Methods
Nail Structure and Anatomy The nail unit consists of the nail plate, surrounding soft tissues, the vascular network, and the neural connections of the distal phalanx. The nail plate is a laminated, keratinized structure that lies on the nail bed, consisting of the nail matrix (15-25%), the distal onychodermal band (75-85%), and the hyponychium at its free edge. A crescent-shaped lunula, located at the anterior end of the matrix, may be prominent in some fingers. The nail plate is located within the proximal and lateral folds. The cuticle (eponychium), originating from the proximal nail fold, adheres tightly to the surface of the proximal nail plate. The nail unit possesses a dense and complex vascular network that supports blood circulation. Furthermore, both the periungual soft tissues and the nail folds are supplied with nerves [1, 2]. Nail Layers The nail plate has three basic layers consisting of keratin fibers arranged in different directions: Dorsal Layer: This layer, which forms the uppermost part of the nail, has a hard and dense structure. Its hard keratin content provides durability to the nail. Middle Layer (Intermediate Layer): The middle layer, which constitutes the thickest part of the nail, is important in terms of both elasticity and durability. The bonds between the keratin fibers provide the nail with flexibility. Ventral Layer: The bottom layer of the nail plate and is in direct contact with the nail bed. This layer helps the nail adhere firmly to the nail bed and supports its nutrition. These three layers work together to make the nail hard, flexible and durable [3]. Characteristics of Healthy Nails Healthy nails should have a smooth, even surface and appear pink and slightly shiny. They should be durable and slightly flexible, free of brittleness, and grow at a regular and even rate. Cuticles should be healthy and free of inflammation. The lunula (half-moon) seen on some nails, such as the thumb, may be visible, but it is not necessarily present on every nail. Furthermore, healthy nails should not show any peeling or peeling, and they should not show any discoloration such as yellowing, white spots, or bruising. The skin surrounding the nail should have a healthy appearance, free of redness or swelling. Abnormalities in these characteristics can be a sign of various health problems [4]. Main Causes of Nail Brittleness Nail brittleness can be caused by a variety of factors. Nutritional deficiencies are among the primary causes; biotin, iron, protein, zinc, and magnesium deficiencies, in particular, weaken nails. External and environmental factors also play a significant role; frequent exposure to water and chemicals, cold weather, and UV rays cause nails to dry out and break. Furthermore, improper nail care and physical trauma, such as harsh filing, nail biting, and improper manicures, weaken nail structure. Health conditions such as hypothyroidism, fungal infections, psoriasis, and Raynaud's disease can lead to nail brittleness. Finally, hormonal changes, especially during menopause and pregnancy, can cause nails to weaken [5,6]. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Nail health can be affected by various vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Biotin (B7) deficiency leads to brittle nails and white spots, while iron deficiency (anemia) results in spoon-shaped nails and a pale texture. Zinc deficiency manifests as white spots and horizontal lines. Calcium deficiency can cause thin and brittle nails, while magnesium deficiency can cause slow growth and vertical lines. Vitamin D deficiency leads to thin and brittle nails, and vitamin A deficiency can cause drying, peeling, and splitting. Finally, vitamin E deficiency manifests as cracked nails. Appropriate dietary sources (e.g., eggs, milk, green vegetables) are recommended to prevent these deficiencies [7,8]. Hormonal Changes This article discusses some hormonal changes that affect nail health. Hypothyroidism causes nails to grow slowly, become brittle, and thick, while hyperthyroidism causes nails to grow thin, soft, and quickly. During menopause, decreasing estrogen levels can cause nails to dry and break. During pregnancy, changes in hormone levels can cause nails to grow quickly but become brittle. Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle can cause nails to dry and break periodically. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), due to increased androgen hormone levels and an estrogen imbalance, can cause nails to weaken and peel. Finally, stress and increased cortisol levels can lead to problems such as horizontal lines and slow nail growth [9]. Chemical Exposure Constant exposure to chemicals can lead to dry, brittle nails, discoloration, and infections. Chemicals like detergents and solvents can dry nails, while caustic chemicals can cause peeling of the nail layers. Excessive nail polish use, smoking, and heavy metals can also cause discoloration. Chemicals not only slow nail growth but also increase the risk of irritation and infection around the nails. To prevent chemical damage, it's important to wear gloves, choose acetone-free nail polish remover, and moisturize nails [10]. Medical Conditions Brittle nails can be a symptom of various medical conditions. Hypothyroidism, due to a lack of thyroid hormones, can cause nails to become dry and brittle, while hyperthyroidism can cause nails to grow thin and quickly. Psoriasis can cause peeling and splitting, and nail fungal infections can also weaken nails. Anemia can cause pale and brittle nails due to iron deficiency, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially biotin, zinc, and vitamins A and D) can also negatively impact nail health. Raynaud's disease weakens nails due to poor circulation, while autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis can also lead to nail deformities. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can cause nails to weaken and break due to hormonal imbalances. Each of these conditions can compromise nail health and lead to brittleness [11]. The Effect of Nutrition on Nail Health Nail health is closely linked to nutrition. Adequate protein, vitamins, and mineral intake ensures strong and healthy nails. Biotin (vitamin B7), which supports keratin production, is found in foods like eggs, almonds, and avocados and thickens nails. Iron deficiency can cause spoon nails, and foods like red meat and spinach are good sources of iron. Zinc supports nail growth, and meat and seafood are rich in this mineral. Calcium and vitamin D strengthen nails; milk and sunlight are good sources. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like salmon and walnuts, maintain the moisture balance of nails. Adequate water consumption also keeps nails moist. A balanced diet is important for healthy nails. Protein Needs Keratin, the primary component of nails, requires adequate protein intake for healthy nail formation and growth. Protein deficiency leads to thin, brittle, and slow-growing nails. Adults require 0.8–1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, and this amount can be increased in certain circumstances. Animal sources such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and dairy products are the most effective sources of protein. Plant-based sources such as lentils, chickpeas, and beans can also be consumed, but multiple plant-based sources should be consumed to ensure amino acid diversity. Some amino acids that support nail health are cystine, methionine, lysine, and arginine. Protein deficiency manifests itself through symptoms such as white lines on the nails, brittleness, slow growth, and peeling [12]. Essential Vitamins Certain vitamins are essential for healthy and strong nails. Biotin (vitamin B7) strengthens nails by increasing keratin production, while vitamin A promotes cell renewal and accelerates nail growth. Vitamin C boosts collagen production and promotes iron absorption, thus strengthening nail structure. Vitamin D hardens nails by increasing calcium absorption, while vitamin E moisturizes nails and prevents cracking. Vitamin B12 is essential for healthy nail color and helps with oxygen transport, while folic acid (vitamin B9) promotes cell renewal and promotes healthy nail growth. These vitamins are important for strong and healthy nail growth [13,14]. Mineral Balance Certain minerals are crucial for nail health. Iron maintains nail color and structure; a deficiency leads to pale nails and is found in foods like red meat and spinach. Zinc promotes nail growth and prevents white spots and is found in meat and seafood. Calcium strengthens nails and a deficiency can cause brittle nails and is found in foods like milk and cheese. Magnesium prevents nail breakage and aids cell regeneration and is found in foods like hazelnuts and almonds. Silicon strengthens weak nails by increasing nail flexibility and is found in whole grains and green vegetables. These minerals are essential for healthy nails [13,14]. External Factors and Protection Methods Nails can be affected by environmental and external factors. Hot and cold weather can dry nails and lead to breakage, so it's important to wear gloves. Chemical cleaning products can weaken nails, so gloves should be used to protect them. Prolonged exposure to water weakens nails, while physical trauma can also cause them to break. Excessive manicures can damage nail structure, so gentle care is essential. To maintain nail health, it's important to use moisturizers, eat a healthy diet, wear gloves, keep nails short, and avoid prolonged contact with water [15]. Protection from Detergents and Chemicals Detergents and chemical products can dry out nails, weaken them, and cause them to break. Prolonged exposure to chemicals can cause sensitivity in the skin and nails. Wearing gloves is the most effective method for protecting against chemical contact; cotton-lined gloves are preferred. Additionally, using natural cleaning products and washing and moisturizing your hands after cleaning are beneficial. Keeping your nails short also increases protection against chemicals. Washing your hands immediately after contact with chemicals protects your nails. These simple precautions help keep your nails healthy [16]. Preventing Mechanical Damage Nails need to be carefully protected to prevent mechanical damage. Keeping nails short and properly shaped reduces the risk of breakage. Wearing gloves during cleaning or heavy work protects nails. Avoiding contact with hard surfaces prevents nail breakage. Furthermore, avoiding using nails as tools and using protective nail polish or nail strengthening products strengthens nails. Regular care is important to keep cuticles moisturized and nails flexible and durable [17]. Natural Care Tips Moisture Support with Olive Oil Olive oil moisturizes and strengthens nails and softens cuticles. Massage it into your nails every night, leave it on for a few minutes, and then rinse. Lemon and Olive Oil Mixture This duo whitens, nourishes, and moisturizes nails. Mix 1 teaspoon of olive oil with a few drops of lemon juice, apply it to your nails, and leave it on for 10-15 minutes. Deep Conditioning with Coconut Oil Coconut oil prevents nails from drying out and strengthens them. Massage it into your nails at night and leave it on overnight. Soothing Effect with Aloe Vera Aloe vera gel moisturizes nails and soothes cuticles. Apply fresh aloe vera gel to your nails and wait 10-15 minutes. Revitalizing Support with Green Tea Rich in antioxidants, green tea strengthens nails and promotes healthy growth. Steep a green tea bag in hot water for 5 minutes. Once cooled, soak your nails in it for 10-15 minutes. Honey and Sugar Scrub A mixture of honey and sugar softens nails with its moisturizing and exfoliating properties. Massage a mixture of 1 teaspoon of honey and 1 teaspoon of sugar into your nails. Leave it on for 5 minutes, then rinse. Gain Strength with Garlic Garlic strengthens nails, prevents breakage, and reduces the risk of infection. Crush a clove of garlic, rub it on your nails, leave it on for 5-10 minutes, and then rinse. [18, 19] With Nourishing Oil Strengthen Your Skin with Argan Oil Antioxidant-rich argan oil strengthens nails and helps prevent breakage. Massage a few drops into your nails and cuticles. Softness with Sweet Almond Oil Sweet almond oil nourishes, moisturizes, and softens brittle nails. Gently massage into your nails. Flexible and Durable Nails with Jojoba Oil Jojoba oil adds flexibility to nails, moisturizes them, and prevents cracking. Gently apply to nails and cuticles and leave on overnight. Healthy Growth with Vitamin E Oil Vitamin E oil supports healthy nail growth by promoting cell regeneration. You can apply it directly to nails or use the oil in capsule form. Protective Effect of Lavender Oil Lavender oil strengthens nails, softens cuticles, and protects against infection. Massage it into cuticles or mix it with other nourishing oils. Natural Masks 1. Olive Oil and Lemon Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon olive oil, 1 teaspoon lemon juice Benefits: While olive oil moisturizes, lemon whitens and strengthens nails. Preparation and Application: Mix olive oil and lemon juice. Apply the mixture to your nails and cuticles. Wait 10-15 minutes, then wash with warm water [20]. 2. Honey and Sugar Exfoliating Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon of honey, 1 tablespoon of sugar Benefits: While honey has moisturizing properties, sugar provides a natural peeling effect, softens and revitalizes the nails. Preparation and Application: Mix honey and sugar, apply to your nails by gently massaging. Wait 5-10 minutes, then rinse with water [21]. 3. Coconut Oil and Vitamin E Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon coconut oil, 1 vitamin E capsule Benefits: Coconut oil moisturizes and nourishes, while vitamin E strengthens nails. Preparation and Application: Slightly warm the coconut oil and mix it by opening the vitamin E capsule. Apply it to your nails and cuticles. Leave it on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse [22]. 4. Aloe Vera Mask Ingredients: Fresh aloe vera gel (or aloe vera oil) Benefits: Aloe vera nourishes, moisturizes, and strengthens nails. It also softens cuticles and provides a soothing effect. Preparation and Application: Apply fresh aloe vera gel to your nails and cuticles. Leave it on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse [23]. 5. Garlic Mask Ingredients: 2 cloves of garlic, 1 tablespoon of olive oil Benefits: Garlic strengthens nails and prevents them from breaking. Olive oil moisturizes. Preparation and Application: Crush the garlic and mix it with olive oil. Apply it to your nails, wait 10-15 minutes, then rinse [24]. Nail Care Routine Regular care is important to maintain nail health. It's important to clean nails, carefully remove old nail polish, and avoid excessive acetone use. Gently pushing back cuticles, regularly cutting, and filing them in a rounded shape prevents breakage. Natural oils like olive oil and coconut oil can be used for moisturizing. You can support repair with a nail care pen . It's important to apply a mask weekly, protect your nails from chemicals with gloves, and avoid using your nails as tools. A diet rich in protein, biotin, zinc, and vitamin E supports nail health. Applying a base coat and giving your nails a break from time to time is beneficial when using nail polish. If changes or problems are noticed, consult a dermatologist [25]. When Should You Consult a Specialist? Professional help may sometimes be necessary to maintain nail health. If you notice discoloration, deformities, or abnormal growth in your nails, you should consult a dermatologist. Pain, swelling, redness, or pus formation can be signs of infection and require professional help. Furthermore, sudden nail loss or weakening can indicate nutritional deficiencies or health problems. Persistently breaking or cracking nails or cuticle infections also require professional treatment. Nail fungus can manifest as yellowing, thickening, or a foul odor and requires treatment. If the nail is injured and bruised or bleeding, consult a specialist. Additionally, nutritional issues or dietary changes can cause weakened nails, and professional help should be sought in these cases. In the event of any of these symptoms, seeking help from a dermatologist or nail specialist is the right step. References 1. de Berker D. (2013). Nail anatomy. Clinics in dermatology, 31(5), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.06.006 2. Fleckman, P., & Allan, C. (2001). Surgical anatomy of the nail unit. Dermatologic surgery: official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 27(3), 257–260. 3. Turkish Clinics. (ty). Nail anatomy and structure. Turkish Clinics. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com 4. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-strengthen-nails 5. Medicover Hospitals. (ty). Brittle nails: Causes, treatment, and symptoms. Medicover Hospitals. Access address: https://www.medicoverhospitals.in 6. Buzoğlu, H. (ty). Brittle nails, causes, treatment. Hakan Buzoğlu. Access address: https://hakanbuzoglu.com.tr 7. Medicover Hospitals. (ty). Vitamin Deficiencies and Brittle Nails. Access address: https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/tr/articles/brittle-nails-vitamin-deficiency 8. Vogue Türkiye. (2019, September 10). Which Vitamins and Minerals Should Be Used for Nail Health?. Access address: https://vogue.com.tr/dilara-kocak/tirnak-sagligi-icin-hangi-vitamin-ve-mineraller-kullanilmali 9. Darwyn Health. (2023). How Hormonal Imbalances Can Affect the Health of Your Nails. Available at: https://www.darwynhealth.com/skin-health/skin-disorders/nail-disorders/causes-of-nail-disorders/how-hormonal-imbalances-can-affect-the-health-of-your-nails/?lang=en 10. Doğanel Aksoy, S., Karaman, S., Pulat İmamoğlu, S., & Yılmaz, S. (2018). Adverse health effects of cosmetics and personal care products and their safe use. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 1-10. 11. Medical Park Hospitals Group. (nd). Which disease is a sign of brittle nails? Retrieved from https://www.medicalpark.com.tr/tirnak-kirilmasi-hangi-hastaligin-belirtisidir/hg-4574?utm_source=chatgpt.com 12. Kaur, I., & Rani, P. (2021). Amino acids and their role in nail health: A review. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 32(4), 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2021.1903227 13. Broughton, KA, & Cahill, K. L. (2019). The impact of vitamins and minerals on nail health. Nutritional Journal, 18(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0501-3 14. Gupta, M., & Baran, R. (2016). The role of biotin in nail health: A review. Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research, 2(2), 106-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jderm.2014.03.003 15. Khandpur, S., & Dhumal, G. (2018). Environmental factors and their impact on nails. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 84(4), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_237_18 16. Warshaw, E.M., & Zug, K.A. (2012). Dermatitis due to contact with detergents and cleaning agents. Dermatitis, 23(5), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0b013e318266be7f 17. Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2018). Protective measures for nail health: A focus on mechanical damage and cosmetic products. Dermatologic Therapy, 31(4), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12472 18. https://bioder.com/epilation/blog/cilt-bakimi-hakkinda/guclu-tirnaklar-icin-bakim-onerileri?utm_source. 19. https://www.wikihow.com/Care-for-Your-Nails 20. Shenefelt, P. D. (2011). Herbal treatment in dermatology. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 12(6), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.2165/11593300-000000000-00000 21. Bogdanov, S., Jurendic, T., Sieber, R., & Gallmann, P. (2008). Honey for nutrition and health: A review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(6), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719745 22. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 23(6), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1159/000313516 23. Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 24. Harris, R., & Cottrell, S. (2012). The antimicrobial properties of garlic and its relevance in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 51(4), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05069.x 25. Rich, P. (2013). Nail disorders that may mimic fungal nail infections. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 14(5), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0032-y 26. Wollina, U., Nenoff, P., Haroske, G., & Haenssle, H. A. (2016). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 113(29-30), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509 27. Türkiye Clinics. Nail Care and Cosmetics. Türkiye Clinics. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/tr-tirnak-bakimi-ve-kozmetikleri-48273.html 28. Uplifers. What nails say about health. https://www.uplifers.com/tirnaklar-saglik-hakkinda-ne-soyluyor 29. New Century. (December 10, 2024). Get strong nails with natural care: What nourishes nails best. https://www.yeniasir.com.tr/saglik/2024/12/10/dogal-bakimlarla-guclu-tirnaklara-kavusun-tirnaklari-en-iyi-ne-besler
Learn more