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Güneş Kremleri D Vitamini Alımını Engeller mi? - ya da multicosmetics

Do Sunscreens Inhibit Vitamin D Uptake?

It wouldn't be wrong to say that the sun is life. The sun offers many benefits. The most well-known is that it's the primary source of vitamin D. However, prolonged exposure to the sun, a cornerstone of life, can cause some damage to our skin. Therefore, it's necessary to use a protective product like sunscreen. So, when we use sunscreen, are we negating the benefits of the sun along with its harmful effects?

What is Vitamin D used for and how is it produced?

Vitamin D plays a role in many processes in our bodies. It regulates many vital processes, from bone health to the immune system. Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin when exposed to UV light. When UV rays, especially UVB light, come into contact with the skin, vitamin D3 is synthesized through a series of reactions. Additionally, vitamin D can be obtained through food.[2]

The functions of vitamin D in the body

The primary effect of vitamin D is to increase the amount of calcium in our bodies. It also has effects on the immune system and mood. Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with depression in individuals. [1][3]

The process of synthesis in the skin with sunlight

When sunlight or UV rays reach the skin, D3 synthesis occurs in the skin. D3 is then converted into a usable form by two different enzymatic reactions within the body. First, D3 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) in the liver. Then, 25(OH)D is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) in the kidneys.[4] This resulting product reabsorbs calcium from our intestines, thus helping to maintain bone health.

How Do Sunscreens Affect Vitamin D Production?

Sunscreens work by creating a barrier on the skin. While this barrier protects against the harmful effects of the sun, it also affects the amount of vitamin D3 produced in the skin. [5]

Does sunscreen block UVB rays?

Sunlight rays are classified as UVA, UVB, and UVC based on their wavelengths. These rays have different effects on the skin. UVB is the primary ray responsible for skin redness. It is also responsible for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Sunscreens, depending on their properties, can block UVA, UVB, or both. [5][6]

What do scientific studies say?

When we stand in the sun in the summer, UVB photons from the sun enter the skin and cause the formation of vitamin D3. Sunscreens block these rays and also reduce the formation of vitamin D3. [7]

Prolonged exposure to unprotected sunlight can cause redness, itching, and even cancer. Furthermore, the amount of vitamin D produced varies from person to person depending on several factors. Many variables, such as when and how long we are exposed to the sun, our clothing, and individual factors, affect the amount of vitamin D produced in the skin. [5]

How to Use Sunscreen and Prevent Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem today. So, what should we be careful about to avoid vitamin D deficiency? Is not wearing sunscreen enough to cause vitamin D deficiency?

Controlled sun exposure

The best way to increase vitamin D levels is to expose skin unprotected to the sun for short periods of time and regularly. In other words, this is controlled sun exposure. However, prolonged exposure to the sun without protection is not beneficial. [5]

Recommended daily sun exposure time

It's impossible to give a definitive daily recommended sun exposure time, as this varies from person to person. An average would suggest 5-30 minutes of sun exposure without sun protection is sufficient. This amount depends on your skin type (if you experience redness or burning after 20 minutes, 10-15 minutes will be sufficient). [5] [8]

SPF selection and correct use

It wouldn't be right to blame sunscreen for the primary cause of vitamin D deficiency. Sunscreen use reduces vitamin D production, but it doesn't completely prevent it. Furthermore, many people lack sufficient knowledge about choosing and using the right sunscreen, which affects the quality of the protection provided. For more detailed information on choosing and using sunscreen, you can read our article : What is SPF? A Guide to Sunscreen Selection and Use .[9]

Additional Tips for Maintaining Your Vitamin D Levels

Almost half of the world's population is deficient in vitamin D. While vitamin D is found in many foods, these foods are not as rich as many people think. Therefore, even a healthy diet may not provide adequate vitamin D intake. [8]

What foods contain vitamin D?

Cheese, eggs, and dairy products, which are often found in our diets, contain vitamin D. However, fatty fish such as trout, salmon, tuna, and mackerel are richer in vitamin D.[8]

How should supplement products be used?

Although vitamin D supplements are available over-the-counter, they should be used under the supervision of a doctor. A treatment plan should be developed based on an individual's blood count and any underlying health conditions. This personalized treatment plan will yield more effective results.

Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem today. Short-term sun exposure without sunscreen is sufficient to boost the body's vitamin D production. However, if you spend extended periods of time in the sun, sunscreen must be used; otherwise, skin health can be negatively affected. If you're looking for an effective and safe product to protect your skin from the sun, you can explore ourLife from the Sun products.


Source
[1] Ao, T., Kikuta, J., & Ishii, M. (2021). The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(11), 1624. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111624
[2] Bikle, Daniel D. (2014). Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications. Chemistry & Biology, Volume 21, Issue 3, 319 – 329
[3] Webb, A. R. (2006). Who, what, where and when—influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004
[4] Lips, P. (2006). Vitamin D physiology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016
[5] Webb, A. R. (2006). Who, what, where and when—influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004
[6] Yang, J. W., Fan, G. B., Tan, F., Kong, H. M., Liu, Q., Zou, Y., & Tan, Y. M. (2023). The role and safety of UVA and UVB in UV-induced skin erythema. Frontiers in medicine, 10, 1163697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1163697
[7] Kimlin, M.G., Olds, W.J., & Moore, M.R. (2007). Location and vitamin D synthesis: Is the hypothesis validated by geophysical data? Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 86(3), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.01.007
[8] Srivastava SB (2021). Vitamin D: Do We Need More Than Sunshine?. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 15(4), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211005689
[9] Young, AR, Narbutt, J., Harrison, GI, Lawrence, KP, Bell, M., O'Connor, C., Olsen, P., Grys, K., Baczynska, KA, Rogowski-Tylman, M., Wulf, HC, Lesiak, A., & Philipsen, PA (2019). Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn. The British journal of dermatology, 181(5), 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17888

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Niacinamide Nedir? Cilt Lekelerine Karşı Etkili mi? - ya da multicosmetics

What is Niacinamide? Is it Effective Against Skin Blemishes?

Niacinamide is a prominent active ingredient in skincare. This is due to its multifaceted effects, particularly on a variety of issues like uneven skin tone, acne scarring, and signs of aging (1). Research shows that with regular use, niacinamide helps reduce hyperpigmentation and soothe acne-related redness (3). What is Niacinamide? Niacinamide is a type of vitamin B3 that improves skin barrier function by strengthening the water and oil layer barrier that protects the skin, increases moisture in the skin, and is used in the treatment of skin problems such as acne and psoriasis. Key Properties of Niacinamide in Skin Care Niacinamide stands out as a versatile skin care ingredient thanks to its key properties such as strengthening the skin barrier, balancing sebum production, removing skin blemishes and supporting cellular regeneration. (4) Is Niacinamide Really Effective Against Skin Blemishes? Research findings reveal that niacinamide may be an effective and safe treatment option against skin blemishes (5). What Do Scientific Studies and Clinical Research Say? Niacinamide's effect on hyperpigmentation is scientifically supported, particularly through its ability to regulate melanin production (2). Clinical studies show that topical application of 5% niacinamide significantly reduces skin blemishes in as little as 4 to 8 weeks (6). You can explore niacinamide-containing products that help combat skin blemishes here. Niacinamide's Mechanism of Action on Blemishes Niacinamide's effect on skin blemishes is primarily based on its mechanism of inhibiting melanosomal transfer, which reduces skin surface discoloration (2). This process occurs through modulation of the pigment transport cascade rather than direct inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, allowing niacinamide to act without causing skin irritation (7). Other Important Skin Benefits of Niacinamide Niacinamide stands out for its versatile effects in combating not only blemishes but also various other skin problems (3). Research shows that this compound reduces acne by balancing sebum production, while also relieving symptoms like redness and sensitivity thanks to its anti-inflammatory effects (1). Strengthening the Skin Barrier and Reducing Sensitivity Niacinamide stands out for its ability to strengthen the skin barrier (8). This shows the potential to reduce irritation and increase tolerance, especially in dry, sensitive, or atopic-prone skin (1). Preventing Acne by Balancing Sebum Production One of the effects of niacinamide in preventing acne is its ability to balance excess sebum production in the skin. Controlling sebum secretion reduces the risk of acne by preventing comedone formation and bacterial proliferation (9). Uses of Niacinamide in Oral Care Besides its widespread use in skin care, niacinamide also offers potential benefits in oral health (10). Effects on Oral Health and Gums Niacinamide plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the oral mucosa. It has also been shown to reduce the inflammatory response observed in gingivitis and contribute to the protection of periodontal tissues. Therefore, adequate niacinamide intake is important for both preventive and supportive oral care (10). Who Should Choose Oral Care Products Containing Niacinamide? Oral care products containing niacinamide are a suitable supplementary option, particularly for individuals experiencing frequent irritation, aphthous ulcers, or inflammation of the oral mucosa. They also offer benefits for individuals with gum sensitivity, a tendency to gingivitis, or a weakened immune system, due to their anti-inflammatory and cell-regeneration-promoting effects (11). How to Choose and Use Products Containing Niacinamide? The effectiveness of niacinamide-containing skin care products can vary depending on the concentration and formulation (4). Furthermore, establishing a personalized application routine based on frequency of use, skin type, and existing skin problems is critical for long-term success. The Importance of Concentration in Products Research suggests that niacinamide concentrations between 2% and 5% are the ideal range for both tolerance and clinical efficacy (1). These concentrations should be considered when selecting a product. How to Use Niacinamide-Containing Serums and Creams? Serums and creams containing niacinamide generally work best when applied once or twice daily to cleansed skin (1). To minimize the risk of skin irritation, it's best to start with lower concentrations and use caution when using them with other active ingredients. Niacinamide offers scientifically proven, multifaceted benefits for a wide range of skin concerns, including blemishes, acne, redness, dehydration, and signs of aging. It stands out as both a preventative and restorative care ingredient by evenlying skin tone, balancing sebum production, and strengthening the skin barrier. With the right products and regular use, niacinamide can help achieve a visibly healthy and balanced complexion when incorporated into your daily skincare routine. REFERENCES 1. Draelos, Z. D. (2013). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 169(3), 23–28 2. Hakozaki, T., Minwalla, L., Zhuang, J., Chhoa, M., Matsubara, A., Miyamoto, K., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2002). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 147(1), 20–31 3. Gehring, W. (2004). Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(2), 88–93. 4. Oblong, J. E., Nicoll, G., & Akers, W. A. ​​(2002). Topical niacinamide provides skin aging appearance benefits while enhancing skin barrier function. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 53(3), 151–158. 5. Navarrete-Solís, J., Castanedo-Cázares, J.P., Torres-Álvarez, B., Oros-Ovalle, C., Fuentes-Ahumada, C., González, F.J., ... & Moncada, B. (2011). A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2011, 379173 6. Bissett, D. L., Miyamoto, K., Sun, P., Li, J., Berge, C. A., & Oblong, J. E. (2004). Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 26(5), 231–238. 7. Greatens, A., Hakozaki, T., Koshoffer, A., Epstein, H., Schwemberger, S., Babcock, G., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2005). Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Experimental Dermatology, 14(7), 498–508. 8. Tanno, O., Ota, Y., Kitamura, N., Katsube, T., & Inoue, S. (2000). Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. British Journal of Dermatology, 143(3), 524–531. 9. Kim, M. B., Kim, C., & Kim, M. N. (2013). The effects of niacinamide on acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Dermatology, 25(2), 136–140 10. Kirkland, J. B. (2012). Niacin status, NAD distribution and ADP-ribose metabolism. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15(1), 3–11. 11. Yoshida, N., Yoshikawa, T., & Naito, Y. (2013). Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in periodontal disease. Current Drug Targets, 14(15), 1602–1616.

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Diş Macunu Paketlerindeki Renk Kodları Ne Anlama Geliyor? - ya da multicosmetics

What Do the Color Codes on Toothpaste Packages Mean?

The claim, frequently seen on social media, that "the colors on the bottom of toothpaste tubes reveal the ingredients," is confusing many consumers. Descriptions like "black is chemical, green is natural" are spreading rapidly, especially in short videos. But do these colorful squares actually provide information about the toothpaste's ingredients, or do they have a completely different meaning during the production process? The truth is, toothpaste color codes or the colored markings on the bottom of the toothpaste have no connection to the product's chemical composition. These squares are solely for ensuring correct packaging alignment on the production line and improving print quality. The Emergence of Color Codes Technical Purpose of Colored Squares in the Production Line The colored squares on the packaging are detected by automatic cutting and folding machines used in production facilities. These squares serve as optical reference points that determine where the machine will cut. This means the machine cuts, folds, and seals the packaging in the correct place based on this marking. The "Eye Mark" System Used in the Packaging Printing Process These squares are part of a system technically called "eye marks." Eye mark sensors recognize these colored marks on the print, maintaining packaging alignment and text-visual integrity. Color variations are often chosen to increase contrast in the print. Therefore, different colors can appear in each brand. Common Misinformation on Social Media Where Did the Claim “Black = Chemical, Green = Natural” Come From? The origin of this claim stems from a false image circulating on social media a few years ago. The image created a false grid between the squares beneath the tubes and the content type. This information was quickly shared without any verification, and many users mistaken it for real. Why Is This Information Incorrect? 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Objectives of Improving Production Quality and Reducing Margin of Error This system reduces error rates in packaging production, ensures product consistency, and prevents issues like print misalignment. In other words, these little squares are actually part of quality control. How to Really Tell What Your Toothpaste Ingredients Are Reading the Table of Contents Correctly The most accurate way to learn about the ingredients in a toothpaste is to read the ingredient list under the "Ingredients" heading. This section is legally required to state the product's formula. Active Ingredients (Fluoride, Zinc, Herbal Extracts, etc.) The most commonly used active ingredients in toothpastes are sodium fluoride, zinc salts, herbal extracts, and bleaching agents. The presence, proportion, and combination of these ingredients determine the product's effectiveness. Certifications and Security Standards Products certified natural or organic generally receive certification from independent organizations such as Ecocert and COSMOS. Furthermore, every toothpaste marketed in Türkiye is inspected under the Cosmetics Regulation and Product Safety Legislation. Recommendations to Consumers Querying Social Media Information When you come across information about a product on social media, be sure to check the source. Unscientific images and rumors are often misleading. Considering the Ingredient List and Brand Reliability When choosing a product, pay attention to the ingredient list on the packaging and the brand's transparency policies. Reputable brands usually share formula details openly. Product Selection with Expert Advice When choosing the most appropriate toothpaste for your oral and dental health, the best approach is to get advice from your dentist or pharmacist. In conclusion, the colored squares on the bottom of toothpaste tubes are a myth. These markings are simply part of the manufacturing process and provide no information about the product's contents. To get accurate information, always check the ingredient list on the packaging and verify it with reliable sources. 📖 If you want to learn all the details and solutions regarding oral and dental health, be sure to read our article titled Periodontitis and Gum Health .

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Hormonal Akne Neden Olur, Nasıl Geçer? - ya da multicosmetics

What Causes Hormonal Acne and How Can It Be Treated?

The answer to the question of what hormonal acne is is that it's a type of acne that develops due to fluctuations in hormone levels and is generally inflammatory. It's particularly common in women due to changes in the estrogen-androgen balance [1,2]. Factors such as the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, PCOS, stress, and androgen receptor sensitivity can trigger this condition. In men, this type of acne is less common because androgen levels are more stable [2]. What are the symptoms of hormonal acne? Hormonal acne (pimples) is a skin condition characterized by recurring, deep lesions, usually concentrated on the lower face. It's not limited to adolescence but is also common in women aged 20 and older. So, how can hormonal acne be diagnosed? Acne Around the Jawline and Neck Hormonal acne most commonly occurs around the jawline, around the mouth, lower cheeks, and neck. The sebaceous glands in these areas are more sensitive to androgen hormones. Due to fluctuations in hormone levels, various types of lesions, such as papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts, can occur in these areas. This distribution pattern is considered characteristic of hormonal acne, especially in women aged 20 and older [3]. Cystic Structures That Thicken Before Menstruation The menstrual cycle is a period of natural fluctuation in women's hormone levels. Especially during the luteal phase (the period following ovulation), the relative increase in androgen hormones leads to increased seborrhea (oil production) in the skin. This can lead to clogged pores and the development of inflamed, deep-seated, cystic lesions. Research shows that acne lesions that occur during this period are more often nodules and cysts, accompanied by comedones, rather than superficial lesions. They are generally painful, slow to heal, and recurrent. Therefore, deep pimples that appear in similar areas before each menstrual period should be considered a significant indicator of hormonal acne [4]. Persistent, Recurring Acne It's one of the most distinctive features of hormonal acne. Recurring comedonal or cystic lesions, particularly in the same area, offer limited response to conventional acne treatments. Studies have highlighted that this form of acne is more common in women who smoke and are older, and that the comedonal component can often be overlooked [5]. What Causes Hormonal Acne? Hormonal acne occurs when androgen hormones (testosterone and DHEA-S) specifically stimulate the sebaceous glands, increasing sebum production. This leads to pore blockage and inflammation. Hormonal changes such as menstrual cycle, PCOS, birth control pills, pregnancy, and menopause, as well as environmental factors such as stress, lack of sleep, and a high-glycemic diet, can exacerbate acne. Additionally, the skin's hypersensitivity to androgen hormones can also cause hormonal acne [1,6,7]. Hormonal imbalances (especially increased androgens) Hormonal imbalances, particularly increased androgen (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) and decreased estradiol levels, are among the primary causes of hormonal acne in adult women. The significant reduction in acne severity observed with the correction of these imbalances highlights the importance of hormonal regulation in treatment [1]. The effect of stress and cortisol Chronic stress raises the hormone cortisol in the body, which can trigger sebum production and increase hormonal acne [7]. The effect of eating habits on hormones High-glycemic index diets may increase acne severity. Those on a low-glycemic load diet experienced decreased acne, weight, body mass index (BMI), and androgen levels, while insulin sensitivity increased. Studies linking dairy consumption to acne are limited, but consuming skim milk, in particular, may increase acne risk. No such association has been found with cheese and yogurt. Ice cream is also among the dairy products that increase acne risk [5]. Natural Solutions for Hormonal Acne Instead of Hormone Medications While the answer to the question "How do I get rid of hormonal acne?" is often associated with hormone medications, the unwanted side effects of these treatments can be a concern for many. For those with OR who are seeking more natural, low-side-effect, and long-term sustainable solutions and are making informed choices, herbal ingredients and scientifically based supplements can offer powerful alternatives. These natural treatments affect sebum production, bacterial growth, inflammation, and keratinization. They also contribute to hormonal acne treatment by providing moisturizing and soothing effects when applied topically (on the skin). Green Tea: Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties provide benefits in cases of inflammatory acne. Resveratrol: Reduces inflammatory response and helps manage acne symptoms by inhibiting the growth of P. acnes bacteria. Rosa Damascena (Damascus Rose): It contributes to acne treatment with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects and lipid peroxidation inhibitor properties. Tea Tree Oil: When applied topically, it shows antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, heals inflammatory acne lesions and supports acne treatment. Probiotics: The antimicrobial properties of probiotics may also help alleviate acne symptoms [6,7]. Creating a daily skin care routine Gentle cleansers, non-comedogenic products, and regular exfoliation should help strengthen the skin barrier. To discover the importance of proper skincare in combating hormonal acne and learn which products are best for your skin type, be sure to read our article : Skin Care Tips by Skin Type . Ingredients Like Niacinamide and Azelaic Acid Niacinamide (B3) supports the skin barrier by replenishing moisture to skin irritated by the drying effects of acne treatments [8]. Azelaic acid, naturally found in wheat, barley, and rye, accelerates skin cell turnover and reduces inflammation, alleviating the appearance of blemishes and acne [9]. Supplements: Zinc, Omega-3, DIM Zinc is effective against acne by balancing sebum production and reducing inflammation. While omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties, studies on their effects on acne are inconsistent, and more research is needed. Diindolmethan (DIM) is found in some vegetables, particularly cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. It has been shown to balance hormone levels, making DIM suitable for treating hormonal acne [10]. Daily Tips to Prevent Hormonal Acne In treating hormonal acne, not only medication but also lifestyle changes are important; simple habits reduce the risk of acne by maintaining hormonal balance. Reducing refined sugar and dairy High glycemic index foods (foods containing refined sugar) raise insulin levels, leading to increased androgen hormones. This, in turn, increases sebum production, contributing to clogged pores and acne [11]. Dairy products, especially cow's milk, similarly stimulate the sebaceous glands through the IGF-1 and hormones it contains and can exacerbate hormonal acne by increasing inflammation [11]. Paying attention to your sleep patterns Insufficient sleep disrupts hormonal balance by increasing cortisol levels and triggers sebum production, paving the way for acne; regular sleep of 7-9 hours a day prevents this process and supports skin regeneration [7]. Reducing daily stress levels Chronic stress triggers hormonal acne by increasing cortisol and raising androgen levels; stress management techniques such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, exercise and meditation help control acne by reducing these hormonal imbalances [7]. Conclusion Hormonal acne is not merely a superficial skin condition; it is the clinical manifestation of underlying hormonal and environmental factors on the skin. Effective management requires a holistic approach to addressing daily life factors such as sleep patterns, stress management, healthy eating, and skin care habits, in addition to medical treatments. This approach not only alleviates acne symptoms but also allows for sustainable skin health [1,2,4,6]. SOURCE: 1. Thomas, J., Parimalam, K., & Sindhu, R. B. (2013). Hormonal acne: leading to a paradigm shift in the management of acne. Expert Review of Dermatology, 8(3), 225-227. 2. Kamangar, F., & Shinkai, K. (2012). Acne in the adult female patient: a practical approach. International journal of dermatology, 51(10), 1162-1174 3. Thiboutot, D. (2001). Hormones and acne: Pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and therapies. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 20(3), 144–153. 4. Zaenglein, AL, Pathy, AL, Schlosser, B.J., Alikhan, A., Baldwin, HE, Berson, DS, ... & Bhushan, R. (2016). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(5), 945–973. 5. Bhadra, P. (2020). A literature review on acne due to hormonal changes and lifestyle. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 10(59), 18507-18521. 6. Sundene, N., & Doctor, N. Hormonal Acne: “Hormones and Acne” Holistic Dermatology Meets Natural Endocrinology!. 7. Madan, P. A Study on the Impact of Hormonal Imbalances on Acne Severity in Adult Females. 8. Permatasari, NJ, & Tan, ST (2024). Efficacy of Topical Niacinamide on Skin Hydration of Adolescents with Acne Vulgaris: An Experimental Study on the Adolescent Community in Jakarta, Indonesia. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 8(9), 4987-4995. 9. Vargas-Diez, E., Hofmann, M.A., Bravo, B., Malgazhdarova, G., Katkhanova, O.A., & Yutskovskaya, Y. (2013). Azelaic acid in the treatment of acne in adult females: Case reports. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(Suppl. 1), 18–25. 10. Rubin, M. G., Kim, K., & Logan, A. C. (2008). Acne vulgaris, mental health and omega-3 fatty acids: a report of cases. Lipids in health and disease, 7(1), 36. 11. Spencer, E.H., Ferdowsian, HR, & Barnard, N.D. (2009). Diet and acne: a review of the evidence. International journal of dermatology, 48(4).

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