Expert Perspectives
Homosalate and the Process of Banning Cosmetic Products: What You Need to Know
Sunlight is a source of energy for living things, necessary for the continuation of life, a major source of vitamin D, stimulating melanin production in the skin, having an antibacterial effect and an immune-boosting effect, as well as being an energy source that can cause acute and chronic harmful effects when exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) rays it emits for long periods of time and without protection (1,2). Sunscreens are one of the most effective ways to protect our skin from harmful UV rays. Sunscreens contain main components such as UV filters (chemical and physical filters) that protect against UV-A and UV-B Ye rays coming from the sun, preservatives and stabilizers such as PABA, antioxidants such as vitamin C or green tea extract, moisturizers and skin care ingredients, and fragrances (3). However, the effects of some chemicals contained in sunscreens on health are still being debated. In recent years, some UV filters have been banned or their use has been restricted in the European Union. One of these filters is homosalate, which is our topic. So, what is homosalate and why is it banned? Chemical Structure of Homosalate and Its Role in Sunscreens Homosalate (HMS) is a salicylate molecule commonly included in commercial sunscreen formulations to protect against the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure (4). It is listed on product labels as “Homosalate, Homomentyl salicylate, HMS, 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl-salicylate, Salicylic acid M-homomentyl ester” (5). Chemical Properties and Function in Formulation Homosalate is a chemical filter known for its ability to absorb UVB rays. It is produced by the Fischer-Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol (5). The salicylic acid part of the molecule protects the skin from sun damage by absorbing ultraviolet rays with wavelengths between 295 nm and 315 nm. The hydrophobic trimethylcyclohexyl group provides oiliness that prevents it from dissolving in water. For this reason, it is often used in water-resistant sunscreens. It has low photostability, meaning it can degrade and lose its protective power over time when exposed to the sun. For this reason, it is stabilized by combining it with other UV filters such as Octocrylene or Avobenzone. Since it does not provide sufficient sun protection on its own, it is usually found in broad-spectrum sunscreens (covering both UVA and UVB) with other filters (6). Homosalate also has emollient properties, which is why it is found in moisturizers, body lotions and after-sun care products, as well as sunscreens. It provides a smoother texture in sunscreens and makes them easier to apply. Mechanism of Action as a UV Filter Studies have shown that HMS undergoes a rapid chemical process called "ultrafast excited state proton transfer (ESIPT)" when exposed to light. During this process, HMS undergoes a structural transformation by absorbing energy and then dissipates this energy largely as heat, rendering it harmless. In addition, laser studies have determined that HMS has two different forms (conformers). One of these performs the ESIPT process, while the other does not. Overall, these studies show that HMS works effectively as a sunscreen and has favorable photophysical properties (4). Adverse Effects on the Endocrine System and Health Risks The endocrine system regulates the balance of hormones in our body, and even the smallest changes can have major effects on our health. Studies suggest that Homosalate can bind to estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors in the body and that these interactions can find hormone levels. This can have negative effects, especially on reproductive health and thyroid function. It can also increase the risk of cancer and cause skin irritation and redness. Changes in Hormonal Balance In a study conducted on human cells, it was observed in in vitro experiments that 6 UV filters, including Homosalate, exhibited estrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptors. Homosalate is a lipophilic (fat-soluble) compound, so it tended to accumulate in the environment and organisms. It has been found in fish and aquatic ecosystems and has been reported to carry potential long-term ecological risks. However, in in vivo tests conducted on a transgenic zebrafish model, it was determined that Homosalate exhibited significant estrogenic activity. The general conclusion of the study is that UV filters tend to accumulate in the environment and could potentially have long-term effects. Therefore, it was emphasized that Homosalate and other UV filters should be further investigated in terms of their hormone disrupting effects (7). In addition, it was determined that human breast cancer cells, which grow and proliferate under the influence of estrogen, showed 3.5 times more growth and proliferation as a result of exposure to Homosalate (8). Effects on Reproductive Health and Clinical Findings Studies have shown that Homosalate suppresses androgen receptors, which can affect the reproductive system. In particular, another study has indicated that this chemical may be linked to female infertility, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (9). Homosalate can cross the placenta during pregnancy and have negative effects on trophoblast cells. Normal proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells are critical for placental development; however, homosalate can suppress the proliferation of these cells and cause placental vascular restructuring. This can lead to pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation. In addition, homosalate has estrogenic activity, affecting the endocrine system, and has been detected in breast milk and placental tissues. Although homosalate, which mixes with the blood through products such as sunscreens, has the potential to be transmitted to the fetus, it has been stated that more research is needed to understand the exact effects of this substance on pregnancy (9). International Cosmetic Regulations and Reasons for Bans The main reason for the ban on homosalate is that it should not be considered a safe cosmetic ingredient. The European Union has determined that this substance poses a health risk and harms the environment when used above a certain dose and has restricted it. Its negative effects on the marine ecosystem in particular have been proven by scientific studies. While research on homosalate continues in countries such as the USA, experts advise consumers to turn to safer alternatives. EU Cosmetics Regulation Changes With the recent changes to the European Union (EU) Cosmetics Regulation, the use of homosalate in cosmetic products has been re-regulated. The Scientific Committee (SCCS) has determined that homosalate is not safe to use as a UV filter at concentrations up to 10%, considering its potential endocrine disrupting properties, and this substance is only considered safe to use in facial products (non-spray and pump spray products) up to a maximum concentration of 7.34%. This regulation aims to limit the use of homosalate in other cosmetic products and to increase consumer safety. These changes were announced on November 11, 2022 and entered into force on January 1, 2025 (10,11). Legal Regulations and Adaptation Process in the Global Market With the entry into force of these changes, a transition period of 24 months has been determined for new products to be launched on the market and 30 months for existing products to comply. In this context, the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (TİTCK) has also started to update national cosmetic legislation to be compatible with the EU Cosmetics Regulation. In October 2022, the European Commission reduced the maximum permitted concentration of homosalate in body sunscreens from 10% to 0.5%. The Canadian Ministry of Health accepts homosalate as safe but is following developments in the EU. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) accepts homosalate and allows its use up to 10%. The FDA has not evaluated homosalate on the GREASE (Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective) list and is requesting more safety data and is currently allowed to use up to a maximum of 15% (12, 13). Some alternatives that are considered safer to replace homosalate have become more popular. These are; mineral-based sunscreens such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. They provide physical protection instead of chemical filters and offer a safer alternative. Mexoryl SX and Tinosorb S are shown as safer options with fewer endocrine disrupting properties (12,14). In conclusion, considering the potential risks of homosalate, it would be a safer choice, especially for pregnant women, children and individuals with sensitive skin, to prefer sunscreens that do not contain homosalate, are mineral-based or contain low-risk chemical filters, both to protect skin health and to avoid long-term health risks. While sun protection is vital, the content of the products used should be evaluated as carefully as the protection factor. Therefore, it is of great importance to make a conscious choice when choosing sunscreens, which are one of the skin care products . References: Gül, Ü. (2012). Environmental Factors Affecting Skin Aging. Turkey Clinics Dermatology-Special Topics, 5(4), 1-6. Slevin, T. (Ed.). (2014). Sun, skin and health. Csiro Publishing. Cancer Council. Western Australia. TEKBAŞ, Ö. F., Didem, EVC İ., & ÖZCAN, UDU AN INCREASING DANGER WITH THE APPROACHING SUMMER SEASON: ULTRAVIOLET RAYS FROM THE SUN. Holt, EL, Krokidi, K.M., Turner, MA, Mishra, P., Zwier, TS, Rodrigues, NDN, & Stavros, V.G. (2020). Insights into the photoprotection mechanism of the UV filter homosalate. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 22(27), 15509-15519. Homosalate, ChemIDplus. Wong, NG, Rankine, CD, Anstöter, CS, & Dessent, CE (2022). Photostability of the deprotonated forms of the UV filters homosalate and octyl salicylate: molecular dissociation versus electron detachment following UV excitation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 24(28), 17068-17076. Schreurs, R., Lanser, P., Seinen, W., & van der Burg, B. (2002). Estrogenic activity of UV filters determined by an in vitro reporter gene assay and an in vivo transgenic zebrafish assay. Archives of toxicology, 76, 257-261. Jiménez-Díaz, I., Molina-Molina, J.M., Zafra-Gómez, A., Ballesteros, O., Navalón, A., Real, M., ... & Olea, N. (2013). Simultaneous determination of the UV-filters benzyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octyl salicylate, homosalate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor and 3-benzylidene camphor in human placental tissue by LC–MS/MS. Assessment of their in vitro endocrine activity. Journal of Chromatography B, 936, 80-87. Yang, C., Lim, W., Bazer, F.W., & Song, G. (2018). Homosalate aggravates the invasion of human trophoblast cells as well as regulates intracellular signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Environmental Pollution, 243, 1263-1273. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). "Opinion on Homosalate." European Union, 2021. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun." FDA, FDA. US Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/questions-and-answers-fda-posts-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order-over-counter-sunscreen Health Canada. (2022). Draft: Guidance document - sunscreen monograph. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/eccc/documents/pdf/pded/salicylates/Risk-management-scope-salicylates-group.pdf Benson, H. A. (2007). Sunscreens: efficacy, skin penetration, and toxicological aspects. In Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic, and Cosmetic Development (pp. 433-450). CRC Press.
Learn more
The Right Care Routine for Your Skin Type: A Comprehensive Care and Product Guide
The Right Care Routine for Your Skin Type: A Comprehensive Care and Product Guide Basic Criteria and Importance of Determining Your Skin Type Correctly Choosing the right product: Each skin type has different needs. By knowing the answer to the question of how to understand your skin type, you can choose the right products for your skin and minimize the risk of adverse reactions. Effective facial care: Using products suitable for your skin type helps prevent skin problems and eliminate existing ones. Healthy and radiant skin: A care routine suitable for your skin type preserves the natural balance of your skin and makes it look healthy and radiant. Symptoms of Dry Skin: Feeling of tension Flaking Itching Matte appearance Proneness to wrinkles and fine lines Symptoms of Oily Skin: Shiny and oily appearance Enlarged pores Tendency to blackheads, whiteheads and acne formation Makeup runs easily Symptoms of Combination Skin: Oiliness in the T-zone • Dryness on the cheeks Enlarged pores in the T-zone Tendency to blackheads and acne formation in the T-zone Symptoms of Sensitive Skin: Redness Burning and stinging sensation Itching Dryness and flaking Predisposition to allergic reactions How to Perform Skin Analysis and Changing Needs Simple Skin Tests You Can Do at Home If you are wondering how to understand your skin type, there are a few simple tests you can easily apply at home. Determining Skin Type with Napkin Test Cleanse your face: Wash your face with a gentle cleanser to remove any makeup or dirt, and pat dry. Wait: Wait 30 minutes for your skin to regain its natural oil balance. Tissue test: Press a clean tissue against your face and check for oiliness, especially in your T-zone (forehead, nose, and chin). Results: If the tissue is dry: You may have dry skin. If the tissue has too much oil: You may have oily skin. If the tissue has oil only in the T-zone: You probably have combination skin. Understanding Skin Type with Mirror Test Cleanse your face: Wash your face with a gentle cleanser to remove any makeup or dirt, and pat dry. Look in the mirror: After 15-20 minutes, look in the mirror and examine the overall appearance of your skin. Results: If your skin looks tight and flaky: Dry skin If your skin is shiny and oily: Oily skin If your T-zone is shiny and your cheeks are normal: Combination skin If you have redness or irritation on your skin: Sensitive skin Skin Type Analysis Through Observation The simplest answer to the question of how to understand your skin type is to observe your skin regularly. Pay attention to how your skin behaves in daily life. If your skin is often stretched and flaky during the day: Dry skin If your skin starts to shine and your makeup runs during the day: Oily skin If you feel oily in your T-zone and dry on your cheeks: Combination skin If your skin gets red, itchy or irritated easily: Sensitive skin Professional Methods to Determine Skin Type In order to get the most accurate results on how to understand your skin type, it is recommended that you consult a dermatologist. Dermatologists can determine your skin type by examining your skin in detail and can make special care recommendations for you. Skin Analysis by Dermatologists Dermatologists use various methods to find answers to the question of how to understand skin type: Visual Inspection: They examine the overall appearance, texture, and tone of your skin. Medical History: They will ask about your skin problems, allergies, and medications you are taking. Skin Tests: When necessary, they can perform tests such as allergy tests and sebum production tests. Determining Skin Type with Wood's Light Wood's light is a type of ultraviolet (UV) light that makes different pigments and bacteria in the skin visible. Dermatologists can find a more detailed answer to the question of how to understand skin type by using Wood's light. Effect of Seasonal Changes on Skin Type During seasonal transitions, skin care is at least as important as your immunity. During seasonal transitions, the skin can lose its healthy appearance due to sudden changes in weather conditions. The changes in humidity and temperature levels during transitions disrupt the skin's moisture balance. As a result, problems such as oiliness, dryness and sensitivity occur depending on the skin type. Applying appropriate care to the skin's needs during seasonal transitions is of great importance to maintain skin health. It would be good for us to review seasonal skin care practices. Some of the Skin Symptoms of Weather Change: Dryness and Flaking: Changes in temperature and humidity disrupt the skin's moisture balance and cause dryness. Redness and Irritation: External factors such as cold weather and wind can cause redness and irritation. Skin Tension: With weather changes, the skin may lose its elasticity and a feeling of tension may occur. Acne and Oiliness: Increased humidity can cause the oil glands to work too much and cause acne. More Sensitive Skin: During seasonal transitions, the skin becomes more sensitive and more reactive to external factors. Common skin problems during seasonal transitions are as follows: Dryness and flaking: Especially in cold weather, the skin dries faster and flaking occurs. Pore enlargement: When the temperature increases, pores enlarge, which can lead to oil accumulation on the skin. Skin spots: As a result of exposure to sunlight, spots increase during seasonal changes. Skin sensitivity: Wind and sudden temperature changes can cause skin sensitization and irritation. How Should Skin Care Be Done During Seasonal Transitions? During seasonal transitions, skin care should be organized to help the skin adapt to changing weather conditions. Here are the basic steps to consider: Moisturizing: With the change in weather, the skin's need for moisture may increase. Therefore, it is important to prevent the skin from drying out by using more concentrated moisturizers. Use of Sunscreen: UV rays continue to affect the skin during the winter months. Gentle Cleansers: Instead of harsh products for skin cleansing, gentle cleansers that preserve the skin's natural oil balance should be preferred. Peeling: Peeling should be applied once or twice a week to cleanse the skin of dead cells. Regular Care: Creating a care routine appropriate for your skin type and following the routine helps keep the skin healthy. Customized Care Program and Product Selection for Dry Skin Dry skin requires more care and attention than other skin types. There are several reasons for this: Fewer Oil Glands: Dry skin has fewer oil glands than other skin types, so the skin retains less moisture. Moisture Loss: Dry skin is less resistant to moisture and loses moisture faster. Tension and Itching: Dry skin often feels tense and is prone to itching. Easy Sensitization: Dry skin is more sensitive to external factors and can be easily irritated. → When choosing the right cleaning products, paying attention to the following points will be beneficial for dry skin: Sensitive Formulas: It is important to choose cleansing products that are formulated for dry skin, taking into account the pH balance. These products cleanse the skin without drying it and maintain its moisture balance. Moisturizing Properties: Choosing those with moisturizing properties among cleaning products will help meet the moisture needs of dry skin. Fragrance-free products: Perfume or scented cleaning products can irritate dry skin. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to choose unscented or lightly scented products. → One of the most important steps for dry skin care is choosing the right moisturizer. Dry skin needs extra moisturizing and therefore choosing the right product is important. Moisturizers Containing Hyaluronic Acid: Ideal for dry skin, these moisturizers penetrate deeply into the skin and provide long-term moisturization. They also increase the skin's elasticity. Creams Containing Shea Butter or Cocoa Butter: These oils nourish and soften dry skin. They also prevent water loss by strengthening the skin barrier. Moisturizers Containing Glycolic Acid: For dry skin, it renews the skin by removing dead cells and provides moisture balance. It can also help reduce fine lines and wrinkles. → Points to consider when creating a daily routine for dry skin care: Gentle Cleansing: Mild cleansers that do not dry out dry skin should be preferred. Oil-based cleansers can be used to remove makeup. Water-based cleansers can dry out the skin, so they should be chosen carefully. Moisturizer Usage: Moisturizing is very important for dry skin. Light-textured, specially formulated moisturizers for dry skin should be preferred. It is necessary to apply moisturizer at least twice a day, morning and evening. Sun Protection: Sunscreen products should be used to protect against the harmful effects of the sun. Sunscreens suitable for dry skin with at least 30 SPF should be preferred. Oily Skin Care-Balancing Care Routine and Special Applications Oily skin type is one of the most common types. If a person cannot correctly identify their skin type, they may use the wrong care product and this will cause more harm than good. Therefore, this skin type should be well known for oily skin cleansing and care. If the sebum produced by the skin is more than necessary, this means that you have oily skin. It is quite easy to identify oily skin type. If the skin thickens, gains an uncomfortable shine, there is acne and pimple formation, lines and flaking occur on the skin, pores are enlarged, and the makeup you apply does not last long, you can easily understand that you have oily skin type. In addition, it is necessary to be careful with sunscreens used in oily skin care; how homosalate containing products are absorbed by the skin and their possible effects should be taken into consideration. The care routine required by oily skin can be summarized in four steps: cleansing the skin, balancing oil production, moisturizing the skin and preventing the appearance of shine. How to Clean Oily Skin? Cleansing the skin regularly and effectively makes oily skin look more refreshed and clean. Therefore, choosing a cleansing gel and foam for oily skin is very important. Toners play a big role in combating pore appearance, which is one of the biggest problems of oily skin. Toner selection for oily skin should be made in favor of products that soothe and tighten the skin. Toners are antiseptic lotions prepared using different formulas and ingredients. People with oily skin can use toners containing alcohol continuously or periodically. However, since using products with a high alcohol content continuously can dry out the skin, the moisturizing stage of the skin should never be neglected. How to Moisturize Oily Skin? Moisturizers that oily skin should use should be lightweight and low in oil. The skin tissue around your eyes is extremely sensitive and thin. Therefore, it is necessary to be more careful and careful when applying moisture to this area. Because the eye area reveals oiliness, shine, fatigue and signs of aging much more clearly than other areas of the face. If you wish, you can choose products that are suitable for use on all areas of the face or you can add moisturizers prepared only for the eye area to your skin care routine. Using Masks and Peelings for Oily Skin For oily skin, using peeling is very important. Your skin renews itself approximately every 24 hours. This renewal process causes dead cells to accumulate on the upper layer of your skin. When dead cells are not removed from the skin, the appearance of pores and the possibility of skin problems increase. Peeling products allow you to remove dead cells from your skin with the particles they contain. The vast majority of face masks prepared for oily skin are aimed at preventing blackhead formation, tightening the skin and purifying pores. You can accelerate the renewal process of your skin and perform a more effective skin cleansing with face masks that you can use 1-3 times a week. Sebum Control and Pore Care: Hormones can cause increased sebum production and oily skin. This situation can cause pores to form. Pores can become clogged with sebum buildup. Clogged pores can cause skin blemishes. This can lead to skin imperfections such as blackheads. Individuals who are at risk of having open and visible skin pores can eliminate the possibility of skin pore enlargement by making a few small changes in their lives. Excess oil, dirt and makeup residue should be removed by cleansing the skin regularly. Using oil-free, water-based sunscreen can help reduce collagen loss in the skin and prevent enlarged pores. In cases where the number of pores increases too much, professional skin care help should be sought. Comedogenic (pore-clogging) products that can clog pores and cause them to expand should be avoided. Before going out in the sun, you should definitely use a sunscreen suitable for your skin type. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants can help keep skin healthy. Creating a regular skin care routine that suits your skin type can prevent pores from becoming enlarged. Using products and treatment methods that are suitable for your skin and approved by experts will be the most effective way to manage your pores. People who have pore enlargement problems on their skin should first discuss these ailments with a dermatologist who is an expert in the field. After the causes of pore enlargement are determined after a detailed examination, products suitable for the skin can be determined and medical treatment can be arranged if necessary. If medical treatments do not yield results, pore enlargements can be reduced or completely eliminated with the following procedures; Chemical Peeling: It can help to achieve smoother and firmer skin by peeling off the top layer of the skin. Carbon peeling: After applying a black solution containing carbon particles, laser is applied. With regular applications, a significant reduction in pores is observed. The biggest advantage of the procedure is that it can be done in the summer months. Laser Treatments: Tightens skin and reduces the visibility of pores by encouraging collagen production. Precautions for Acne-Prone Skin Most acne-prone skin is caused by hormonal changes. These changes start during puberty, but can also occur during women's menstrual periods or pregnancy. It can also be caused by stress, fatigue, inappropriate skin care products, and some medical care. Acne-prone skin is also genetic. Acne care is one of the top priorities for skin health. Topical Care Techniques and Product Combinations for Combination Skin Combination skin type is a combination of two main skin types: oily and dry. There is a mix of oily and dry areas in different areas of the face. It is characterized by skin with an oily area, typically on the nose, chin, and forehead. A gentle cleanser is used morning and evening to remove excess oil and dirt from the skin's surface. After cleansing, a nourishing toner should be used to balance and refresh the skin. People with combination skin should not touch their faces too often. All skin types need moisture. Therefore, combination skin should also be moisturized frequently. Using non-comedogenic products creates a good effect in combination skin care. Facial Cleansing For Combination Skin You can start by choosing a gentle, water-soluble cleanser. Gel-based and slightly foaming cleansers work well for combination skin. Face washing should not be skipped during the day to prevent oil buildup. Faces with combination skin should be washed twice a day, morning and evening. The skin should be exfoliated at regular intervals with the right products. Moisturizer for Combination Skin Combination skin needs a non-oily, yet rich moisturizer. Oil-free and fragrance-free moisturizers do not trigger oil production. Products with hyaluronic acid and minerals that are rich in hydration are suitable for daily use. Some moisturizers help prevent acne. If the T-zone is not too oily and there is little dryness, the same moisturizer can be used on the entire face. It is important to avoid heavy creams that contain oil, as they will make the skin oily and clog pores. Choosing an oil-free, water-based lotion or gel will help maintain the skin’s health by creating adequate moisture balance. Different Approaches for T-Zone and Cheek Area Combination skin type is usually a skin type where the forehead, nose and chin area is oily while the cheeks are dry. If the oil glands on the face produce more sebum than normal, a shiny and oily appearance can occur. If combination skin care is not done correctly, pores can become clogged and unwanted results such as acne or blackheads can be seen. The most well-known feature of combination skin is that there are both oily and dry areas on the skin. While flaky skin can occur on the cheeks due to dryness, blackhead tendency, shiny appearance and enlarged pores are common conditions in oily areas. It can be difficult to find skin care products suitable for the entire face because the forehead, nose and chin are oily and the other parts are dry. Using only products developed for oily or dry skin in combination skin care will not provide satisfactory results. For your daily care routine, you should first choose a cleansing gel for combination skin. After the cleansing gel, you can use a toner for combination skin for freshness. After toner in your care routine, you can provide the moisture your skin needs with a moisturizer for combination skin. In addition, you can prevent the formation of blackheads by cleansing pores from accumulated dirt with a mask for combination skin that you can use 1-2 times a week. Using products specifically formulated for combination skin: Treat the T-zone like oily skin. The aim is to reduce the shiny and oily appearance and effectively combat excess sebum by providing a mattifying effect. Moisturize and relax areas where you feel tense. You should never use "peeling" treatments, which are too aggressive for the dry parts of the face and stimulate sebum production in the oily parts. Proper Use of Balancing Care Products When applying care products, first apply water-based products, then oil-based products; that is, first apply products such as tonic, mist, lotion, serum; then creams and oils. Before moving on to routine examples, let's briefly explain what all skin care products are used for and how they are used: Step 1: Cleansing: The first step of morning and evening skin care is cleansing. It is known that there is no need for cleansers in the morning. However, a well-cleansed skin increases the absorption of other products you will use. And the skin produces sebum at night, the pores close. You can clean your skin with a gentle cleanser in the morning. There is no need for a double-step cleansing in the morning. You can preferably use a face wash gel or oil cleanser. You can do a two-stage cleansing in the evening. First, you can use facial cleansing oil and then facial cleansing gel. Oil-based cleanser: Cleanses the skin of oil, oily products, make-up and sunscreen. Applied to dry skin by massaging with dry hands. Water-based cleanser; Cleans water-based products, dead skin and dirt from the skin. 2. Tonic; Tonics have more than one function depending on their content. They have properties such as moisturizing, purifying, soothing, sebum balancing, skin pH balancing. If there is dirt or residue left from cleansers on the skin, it cleans the pores deeply. They also increase the absorption of products such as serums and moisturizers. Thus, it prepares the skin for skin care products after cleansing. They are suitable for morning and evening use. It is recommended to use acidic tonics in the evening. Acidic toners are specifically designed to purify the skin. The purpose of non-acidic toners, which have moisturizing properties, is to refresh, soothe and moisturize the skin while preparing it for care. 3. Serum; Serums that contain active ingredients in high concentrations reach deeper layers of the skin than other care products thanks to their fine molecules and offer intensive care for different skin concerns from spots to wrinkles. You can use serums containing arbutin, vitamin C, hyaluronic acid during the day. You can use serums containing retinol, AHA, BHA in your evening care. If you are going to use more than one serum on top of each other, you can order them from less concentrated to more concentrated. Do not use ingredients such as AHA and retinol on the same day. 4. Cream products Products applied before creams allow the cream to be absorbed better. Creams create a protective barrier on the skin. Moisturizers are included in this group. Skin that is not moisturized well is left defenseless, wrinkles more quickly, becomes more prone to blemishes and acne. 5. Oil-Based Products (Serum/Cream): Since oils have a covering structure, they prevent absorption when another product is applied on top. Thanks to their fixing feature, they increase the effectiveness of your care routine by ensuring that your serum or cream is better absorbed. 6. Eye Contour Cream: You can apply it at the last stage of skin care. It is a completely oil-based balm.
Learn more
The Link Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Early Puberty
What is the Endocrine System (Hormone System)? The endocrine system is the name given to the system consisting of organs and glands that produce hormones and secrete them into the blood. What is the Endocrine (Hormone System) and What Does It Do? The endocrine glands (endocrine glands) are responsible for producing, storing and secreting hormones, each of which has different functions. These glands and the hormones they secrete mix with the blood and stimulate various organs. In this way, they perform many vital functions such as growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis, that is, the internal balance of the body. The main function of this system is to regulate body functions. What are the Parts of the Endocrine System (Hormone System)? The endocrine system consists of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands and pancreas, testicles in males, ovaries in females and placenta during pregnancy. What is an Endocrine (Hormone System) Disorder? Endocrine diseases occur when there is a deficiency or excess of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands, when the endocrine glands are too small or too large, or when the hormones do not work properly. In this case, the hormones disrupt the regulatory functions they are supposed to perform. Diabetes, thyroid deficiency, Cushing's syndrome are examples of diseases caused by disruptions in the hormonal system. What Causes Endocrine (Hormone System) Disorder? Disorders in the hormonal system can cause secondary attention deficit, immune system problems, metabolic disorders, premature birth, early puberty or gynecomastia, and epigenetic differences in the urogenital system. In addition, developmental disorders, polycystic ovary, hair growth, erection problems, beardlessness, small testicles and penis, inability to gain weight, inability to lose weight, obesity, hair loss and many similar problems are also caused by disruptions in the endocrine system. Endocrine (Hormone System) Disrupting Chemicals Endocrine disrupting chemicals are foreign substances that are suspected to cause hormonal system disorders, both naturally occurring and synthetic.[1] These chemicals interact with nuclear receptors in undesirable ways, disrupting the synthesis, transport, mechanisms, and metabolism of hormones. Although not limited to these, it has been observed that α and β estrogen receptors, androgen receptor, pregnane X receptor, peroxisome proliferative activating receptor α and γ, and α and β thyroid receptors are particularly affected by endocrine disrupting chemicals. Chemicals that affect different mechanisms are associated with developmental defects, immune, reproductive, and nervous system dysfunction, and increased risk of cancer. Type 1 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are also among the diseases caused by endocrine disruptors. The idea that some chemicals could cause diseases and disorders in the endocrine system was first put forward in 1997 in the book Our Stolen Future, which claimed that DDT, dioxin, DES, and many other industrial chemicals damaged the endocrine system and caused disorders in the reproductive system.[1] At the time, the general consensus was that these chemicals showed their effects in high doses and were rare. Now, although more than 1,000 chemicals are identified as endocrine disruptors, this number is not even close to the truth. Even today, the methods used to identify and discover these chemicals are not systematic and fail to report the potential dangers of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocrine Disruptor Products Endocrine disrupting chemicals have become intertwined with our daily lives after industrialization, especially in cosmetic products, food packaging, pesticides and textile products. Although there are restrictions on some endocrine disruptors, especially those that emerge as by-products or mix with soil, water and air still pose a completely unpredictable danger. Endocrine disrupting chemicals that mix with nature threaten not only human health but also the ecosystem. These chemicals, which have found a place in the formulas of cosmetic preparations, are frequently used as preservatives, antibacterials and UV filters within the framework of restrictions. Some were completely banned after the Stockholm Congress, but they are still in use worldwide. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Bisphenol A is one of the most common endocrine disruptors in cosmetic products. Although there are many studies proving that it affects the endocrine system and is associated with cancer, it is frequently used in plastic production and, as a result, in packaging. It easily penetrates the food or cosmetic product inside the packaging material and enters the human body. BPA, a synthetic estrogen, has a receptor affinity of 1000 to 10,000 times that of natural estrogens. It negatively affects primarily the female reproductive system, as well as the pancreas, immune system and central nervous system.[31] Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is a derivative of DDT. It causes developmental disorders and male reproductive system disorders. It is very difficult to remove from the body because it accumulates in fat tissue. DDT and DDE are substances used in insecticides. It is also one of the first substances to have endocrine disrupting properties discovered.[1], [10] Triclosan is an endocrine disruptor often added to cosmetics as a preservative. It is found in shampoos and soaps. Dioxins are endocrine disruptors that are produced as a by-product of industrial production. They are released into the air due to the burning of waste. [10] Phthalates are added to many personal care products to increase fluidity. During pregnancy, they can inhibit or damage fetal development and cause premature birth. [9], [29] The endocrine disruptors in our daily lives are not limited to these; many endocrine disrupting chemicals are added to product formulations for different purposes. What is Early Puberty? Early puberty is a pathological condition characterized by the early manifestation of secondary sex characteristics. This condition is observed in one in every 5,000 to 10,000 children. This condition, which is up to ten times more common in girls than in boys, manifests itself in girls with early breast development before the age of 8 or menstruation before the age of 10, and in boys with secondary sex characteristics appearing before the age of 9. Early puberty causes an increase in hormone secretion in children, which can have consequences that threaten both their physical and psychological health. While a cause cannot generally be determined in girls, a specific cause is more likely to be found in boys. Precocious puberty is divided into two according to its dependence on the gonadotropin hormone; the one related to the gonadotropin hormone is called central precocious puberty, and the one unrelated is called peripheral (pseudo-precocious) puberty. The most common central precocious puberty is the idiopathic form. What are the symptoms of early puberty? In girls, breast growth, underarm and groin hair, acne, sweat odor, penis or testicular growth are signs of early puberty. In other words, the early changes that a child should experience during puberty are signs of early puberty. What Causes Early Puberty? Early puberty causes the pineal glands to fuse early and, as a result, development to be completed early. Tumors in the nervous system, hematoma formation in the hypothalamus, adenoma formation in the pituitary gland, short stature in adulthood, breast or reproductive system cancers have been associated with early puberty. Again, it can have consequences such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity in adulthood. Does Endocrine Disorder Cause Early Puberty? Adolescence is a period initiated and regulated by sex hormones. Therefore, disorders in sex hormones will also affect the puberty process. Although puberty is a condition that begins and develops depending on many genetic factors, the effect of environmental factors on development cannot be denied. Especially central precocious puberty, since it is dependent on the gonadotropin hormone, can be triggered by endocrine disrupting chemicals. Kisspeptin neurons, which are responsible for activating GnRH neurons in the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty, are sensitive to endocrine disrupting chemicals.[7], [8] It has been observed in mice that these neurons are damaged as a result of exposure to Bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor. Again, in studies conducted on mice, it was observed that the ovaries of mice exposed to Bisphenol A and Diethylhexyl Phthalate during the fetal period were smaller than normal.[35] When rodents were exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals during puberty, early puberty or delayed puberty occurred. It was determined that exposure to dibutyl phthalate during puberty accelerated puberty and disrupted estrogen balance in mice.[30] Bisphenol A has been observed to accelerate the onset of puberty by directly affecting neural pathways and reducing the activity of GnRH neurons.[18] Many endocrine disrupting chemicals have also been observed to cause early puberty in humans. For example, phthalates accumulate in breast tissue and cause changes in this tissue. Perfluorooctanoic Acid changes the structure of the mammary gland, again causing the tissue to grow. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, known as DDT, and its metabolites are linked to early puberty due to their estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. In light of this information, it can be concluded that endocrine disrupting chemicals - regardless of the time and route of exposure before puberty - are effective in the pathophysiology of early puberty. Ways to Prevent Early Puberty Studies show that early puberty is closely related to genetic factors. In addition, exercise, diet, consumption of foods containing preservatives and dyes, and pollution of the living environment are among the risk factors.[5], [9], [12], [15], [34] While it has been observed that the risk of early puberty decreases as vegetable and protein consumption increases, it has been observed that excessive animal food intake increases this risk.[12], [15] It is possible to reduce the risk of early puberty with proper nutrition, sufficient exercise, healthy sleep, and extra care in the consumption of cosmetics , personal care products, and food. Source [1] Agostini, L.P., et al. “Glyphosate and the Key Characteristics of an Endocrine Disruptor: A Review.” Chemosphere, Pergamon, 19 Oct. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653520328149?casa_token=-18JKt5ALhoAAAAA%3APHOPPxv6VNUHOIj_CdL3hNGZ_QM0RcS94miYaBjzAM9mO5zbkIx7bTtq8pMVSPzHahSgd49Mmw. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [2] Amato, Angelica Amorim, et al. “Obesity and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals.” EC, Bioscientifica Ltd, 1 Feb. 2021, ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/2/EC-20-0578.xml. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [3] Banerjee, Sayan, and Anurag Bajpai. “Precocious Puberty - Indian Journal of Pediatrics.” SpringerLink, Springer India, 19 Apr. 2023, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12098-023-04554-4. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [4] Bigambo, Francis Manyori, et al. “The Effect of Environmental Factors on Precocious Puberty in Children: A Case–Control Study - BMC Pediatrics.” SpringerLink, BioMed Central, 1 May 2023, link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12887-023-04013-1. Accessed 29 Nov. 2024. [5] Brito, Vinicius N, et al. “The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 5 Aug. 2022, academic.oup.com/edrv/article/44/2/193/6656412. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [6] Cano, Raquel, et al. “Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 1 May 2021, www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4807. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [7] Chen, Chung-Yu, et al. “Phthalates May Promote Female Puberty by Increasing Kisspeptin Activity.” Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), US National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23945596/. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [8] MM Abdel, et al. “Short-Term Neonatal/Prepubertal Exposure of Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) Advanced Pubertal Timing and Affected Hypothalamic Kisspeptin/GPR54 Expression Differently in Female Rats.” Toxicology, Elsevier, 20 Sept. 2013, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X13002448?casa_token=W0ANRGH3J7QAAAAA%3AYypgbOoPY07Lc-wvsM-vyYNNM8lsZZRAnYAbPbSr5gQ3dDSbGQrFUfRlQarHWFxUEw8iqd4cBg. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [9] Dong, Yan, et al. “Analysis of Risk Factors of Precocious Puberty in Children.” SpringerLink, BioMed Central, 22 Sept. 2023, link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12887-023-04265-x. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [10] “Endocrine Disruptors.” National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US Department of Health and Human Services, www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [11] EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/endocrine-disruption/overview-endocrine-disruption#:~:text=Disruption%20of%20the%20endocrine%20system,when%20it%20is%20not%20needed) . Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [12] Fu, Dongxia, et al. “Analysis of the Incidence and Risk Factors of Precocious Puberty in Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Wiley Online Library, 28 Sept. 2022, Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [13] Gea, Marta, et al. “Oestrogenic Activity in Girls with Signs of Precocious Puberty as Exposure Biomarker to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Pilot Study.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 20 Dec. 2022, www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/1/14. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [14] Gore, Andrea C., and Barbara Cohn. “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics.” JAMA Dermatology, JAMA Network, 1 May 2020, jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2762872. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [15] Gu, Qiuyun, et al. “Dietary Pattern and Precocious Puberty Risk in Chinese Girls: A Case-Control Study - Nutrition Journal.” SpringerLink, BioMed Central, 31 Jan. 2024, link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12937-024-00916-6. Accessed 29 Nov. 2024. [16] “History of EDSP.” EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/endocrine-disruption/history-edsp. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [17] Jaël, Ngoie Mutunda, and Kasamba Ilunga Eric. “Endocrine Disruptors and Additives in Cosmetic Makeup Products: Alert to User.” Oarjbp.Com, 25 Dec. 2023, Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [18] Klenke, Ulrike, et al. “BPA Directly Decreases Gnrh Neuronal Activity via Noncanonical Pathway.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 May 2016, academic.oup.com/endo/article/157/5/1980/2422725#52077307. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [19] La Merrill, Michele A, et al. “Consensus on the Key Characteristics of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals as a Basis for Hazard Identification.” Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, US National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2020, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6902641/#Sec4. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [20] Lawson, Crystal, et al. “Gene Expression in the Fetal Mouse Ovary Is Altered by Exposure to Low Doses of Bisphenol A1.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Jan. 2011, academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article-abstract/84/1/79/2530282. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [21] Lee, Jeong Eun, et al. “Early-Life Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Pubertal Development in Girls.” Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, US National Library of Medicine, June 2019, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6603611/. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [22] Lucaccioni, Laura, et al. “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Effects during Female Puberty: A Review of Current Evidence.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 18 Mar. 2020, www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/6/2078. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [23] Martin-Pozo, Laura, et al. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: A Review, Elsevier, Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [24] Moise-Silverman, Joshua, and Lawrence A. Silverman. “A Review of the Genetics and Epigenetics of Central Precocious Puberty.” Frontiers, 8 Nov. 2022, www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1029137/full. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [25] Mucci, Andrea, and Ethel Clemente. “The Role of Genetics in Central Precocious Puberty: Confirmed and Potential Neuroendocrine Genetic and Epigenetic Contributors and Their Interactions with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (Edcs).” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 25 July 2022, www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/3/35. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [26] “Overview of Endocrine Disruption.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/endocrine-disruption/overview-endocrine-disruption#:~:text=Disruption%20of%20the%20endocrine%20system,when%20it%20is%20not%20needed). Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [27] National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, US National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/p_p_-DDE#section=Metabolism-Metabolites. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [28] Papadimitriou, Anastasios, and Dimitrios T Papadimitriou. “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Early Puberty in Girls.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 10 June 2021, www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/8/6/492. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [29] Predieri, Barbara, et al. “Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Type 1 Diabetes.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 22 Apr. 2020, www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/8/2937. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [30] Qian, Yiyu, et al. “The Endocrine Disruption of Prenatal Phthalate Exposure in Mother and Offspring.” Frontiers, 26 June 2020, www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00366/full?ref=assuma-o-controle-de-sua-saude.com. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [31] Terasawa, E., et al. “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Effects on Puberty.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Baillière Tindall, 17 Sept. 2021, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X21000968?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=8ea2cf8af9e77236. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [32] Xue, J., et al. “Endocrine Disrupting Chemical and Its Potential Effects on Female Health.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, Elsevier, 31 Mar. 2021, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871402121001077. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [33] Yin Wan, Murphy Lam, et al. Full Article: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies, Taylor and Francis Online, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2021.1903382. Accessed 30 Nov. 2024. [34] You, Jingyu, et al. “Clinical Risk Score for Central Precocious Puberty among Girls with Precocious Pubertal Development: A Cross Sectional Study - BMC Endocrine Disorders.” SpringerLink, BioMed Central, 20 Apr. 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12902-021-00740-7. Accessed 29 Nov. 2024. [35] Zhang, Xi-Feng, et al. “Transgenerational Inheritance of Ovarian Development Deficiency Induced by Maternal Diethylhexyl Phthalate Exposure.” CSIRO PUBLISHING, 12 June 2014, www.publish.csiro.au/RD/RD14113. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024. [36] Zhou, Fang, et al. “A Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Precocious Puberty in Girls.” De Gruyter, 1 Aug. 2022, www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jpem-2021-0691/html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
Learn more
How Can Swimmers Maintain Healthy Skin?
What Happens to Our Skin While Swimming? During swimming, our skin is exposed to water, minerals in the water, and halogens such as chlorine. Due to the differences in the content of sea and pool water, our skin reacts differently to these waters. Effects of Sea Water on the Skin Seawater is a water source rich in minerals. It contains many minerals such as Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, K, Fe, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3. Thanks to these ions, seawater is good for atopic dermatitis [1] . However, seawater also contains a large amount of salt. This high salt concentration damages skin lesions and irritates the skin layer. Desalinated seawater reduces symptoms such as itching, flaking and redness caused by dermatitis. At the same time, the quality of the sea or ocean water you swim in is also very important for skin health. Swimming for a long time in waters with high levels of pollution causes allergic reactions, itching and other skin disorders [2] . Chlorine is added to disinfect these waters, as in pool water. Effects of Pool Water on Skin Pools are indoor swimming areas used by many people. Since they are common areas used by many people, it is extremely important to ensure their cleanliness. In order to maintain the hygiene of the pools, substances such as chlorine and hypochlorite are added. Chlorine is an antimicrobial agent that is often added to pools due to its ability to kill microorganisms. However, it also has negative effects on the skin. Chlorine disrupts the oil layer in the skin's protective barrier and causes the skin's permeability to increase [3] . The oil layer acts as a barrier to prevent water loss. If this layer is disrupted, the skin cannot be moisturized sufficiently and the skin becomes dry. Swimmers are exposed to chemicals in pools for a long time, and these chemicals are absorbed by their skin. For swimmers who already have sensitive and eczematous skin, swimming in chlorinated pool water increases symptoms such as itching and dry skin [4] . Is Swimming Harmful to Skin Health? Continuous skin contact with chemicals in pool water can cause problems in terms of skin health. Swimmers in particular are more likely to experience skin problems such as eczema and contact dermatitis [5] . As the duration of contact with chlorinated pool water increases, itching and redness also increase. Transepidermal water loss in swimmers is greater than in athletes who do not participate in water sports. As a result of excessive transepidermal water loss, the skin barrier loses water and the permeability of the epithelial barrier increases. Thus, problems such as dryness and atopic dermatitis begin to occur in the skin [5] . In people with eczema or other skin problems, increased transepidermal loss causes their current symptoms to worsen. Is Swimming Good for Skin Health? There are many benefits to swimming in open water sources other than pools, such as the sea or lake. Swimming in open water areas has positive effects on mood. It makes a person more calm and peaceful and reduces stress. It would not be wrong to consider stress as the main cause of skin problems. Activities that reduce stress, such as swimming, have positive effects on the skin, albeit indirectly. At the same time, being in contact with water provides relief from eczema [6] . It also reduces itching caused by eczema due to the decrease in sweating while swimming in water. In addition, sea water is good for dermatological disorders thanks to the minerals it contains. How Should Skin Care Be After Sea and Pool? The first thing to do after getting out of the pool is to take a shower. The chlorinated water on the body should be thoroughly cleaned with the shower. Swimming clothes that come into contact with the water should also be removed immediately and washed thoroughly with non-chlorinated water. Because if these swimsuits are not removed immediately, the skin may become blocked and directly irritated. It can also cause folliculitis and bacterial infections in children [6] . There are also some points to consider when taking a shower. It is important not to use detergent-based gels in the shower. Because these gels erode the oil layer on the skin [3] . In order not to make the oil layer, which is already damaged by chlorinated water, worse, detergent-based shower gels should not be used. Especially people with eczema should avoid long and hot showers after swimming. It is extremely important to moisturize the skin with oil-based lotions after the shower and restore the moisture it has lost. After swimming outdoors, such as at beaches, the swimsuit and skin should be washed with clean water. For this, parents can have clean water with them. Again, after the sea, the skin should be washed with oil-based lotions and moisturizing cream . It is also recommended to apply sunscreen to protect from the sun. Ways to Protect Your Skin Health While Swimming Some precautions should be taken to minimize skin contact with chlorinated water while swimming. Since chlorine can also be absorbed by hair follicles, this contact can be prevented by wearing a swimming cap. Goggles should also be used to prevent water contact with the eyes. However, the content of the materials used is also important. According to the recommendations of the National Eczema Association; people with eczema should prefer silicone materials more than latex and rubber [7] . Because latex products trigger contact dermatitis less. Skin Care Tips for Swimmers It is extremely important for swimmers who spend long periods of time in the water to pay attention to their skin care, as their skin barriers are damaged by chlorinated pool water. The oil layer on swimmers' skin is disrupted by chlorinated water, which causes the skin to dry out. To prevent this, they can apply a thick layer of oil-based ointments before and after entering the pool. It is recommended that they take a shower immediately after leaving the pool to remove the chlorinated water from their body. It is also useful to check the content of the shower gels they use in the shower. They should prefer products that are harmless and non-irritating to the body. Swimmers who swim outdoors should take care to apply sunscreen in addition to the above recommendations. Because they are in contact with the sun while in the water, it will be useful to apply sunscreen. The content of sunscreens is also important, like shower gels. Again, care should be taken to ensure that sunscreens do not contain endocrine disruptors. Frequent exposure to hormone disruptors, especially from a young age, causes early puberty, early menopause and thyroid disorders in later ages [3] . In order to prevent this, attention should be paid to the content of the products. UVB filters in sunscreens are among the main endocrine disruptors. Sunscreen products containing UVB filters should be avoided as much as possible. In conclusion, although swimming provides many benefits for both physical and mental health, it is very important to take the necessary precautions to protect skin health. Although the contents of sea and pool water are different, it is possible to reduce the negative effects of both on the skin. Choosing appropriate and clean care products , adopting correct hygiene practices and not neglecting skin care after swimming will ensure that you have a healthy and happy swimming experience. It should not be forgotten that protecting skin health also plays a critical role in general health and small precautions can make a big difference in this regard. Source [1]Bak, JP., Kim, YM., Son, J. et al. Application of concentrated deep sea water inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 12 , 108 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-108 [2] Halder, Joshua & Islam, Nazrul. (2015). Water Pollution and its Impact on Human Health. Journal of Environment and Human. 2. 36-46. 10.15764/EH.2015.01005. [3] Serbestoğlu, A.,(Host).(23 July 2024). Swimming Notebook [Tuba Çalık- What Should Swimmers Do to Protect Their Skin?]. https://open.spotify.com/episode/3I8TIVmOTFeSkNBuK3aN1Z?si=af8060a1660a4db0 [4] Couto M, Bernard A, Delgado L, et al. Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools. Allergy . 2021; 76: 3257– 3275. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15014 [5] Paciência, I., Rodolfo, A., Leão, L., Silva, D., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Mendes, F., Padrão, P., Moreira, P., Laerte Boechat, J., Delgado, L., & Moreira, A. (2021). Effects of Exercise on the Skin Epithelial Barrier of Young Elite Athletes-Swimming Comparatively to Non-Water Sports Training Session. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020653 [6] O'Connor C, McCarthy S, Murphy M. Pooling the evidence: A review of swimming and atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2023; 40(3): 407-412. doi:10.1111/pde.15325 [7] National Eczema Association. (2018, Jul 18). Swimming with Eczema: What You Should Know Before You Take the Plunge. https://nationaleczema.org/blog/swimming-eczema/
Learn more
TRICLOSAN: Protective or Disruptive?
What is Triclosan? Triclosan is a widely used antimicrobial agent that inhibits or stops the growth of bacteria and contamination. Because of its ability to destroy microbes, triclosan was once a common ingredient in many over-the-counter (OTC) antibacterial soaps and body washes. However, the potential effects of triclosan on humans have raised concerns about endocrine disruption, bioaccumulation (buildup in the body), and resistance to antibiotics/antibacterial products. What Contains Triclosan? It is used as a preservative in water-based formulations such as aftershave lotions, bath products, foot sprays, toothpastes, hair conditioners and make-up products. Toothpastes Containing Triclosan Triclosan is an antibacterial agent that can be added to toothpastes to reduce plaque and gingivitis. The use of triclosan as a preservative in toothpaste is safe at a concentration of 0.3% when used alone in both adults and children (0.5-18 years of age), but is unsafe when used in combination in children younger than 3 years of age. Soaps Containing Triclosan In 2013, the FDA required manufacturers of antibacterial soaps and body washes to provide evidence that their products were safe for long-term daily use. It also required that these products prove that they were more effective at preventing infections than products that did not contain triclosan. Researchers who examined data from many different studies found that people who used antibacterial soaps containing triclosan were just as likely to get sick as those who used regular soaps. Then the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States banned the sale of consumer antiseptic wash products containing triclosan in 2016. Approximately 40% of all soaps sold contained it. Is Triclosan Harmful? Triclosan has been used for years in many products due to its preservative function. However, recent studies on chemical preservatives have emphasized the hormone disrupting effects of this raw material. The damage it causes to the hormonal system in long-term use has been supported by many studies. Triclosan (Triclosan) Harms In vitro studies demonstrate the endocrine disrupting potential of Triclosan on estrogens, androgens, and the thyroid axis. According to a 2022 study by Ana C Marques et al., “The estrogenic and androgenic activity of Triclosan has been shown to have adverse effects on the reproductive system, cardiovascular system, and thyroid function in both animals and humans. Specifically, it has been found to affect male and female fertility, sperm morphology, and motility. In cardiovascular studies, Triclosan has been associated with heart defects in fish and mice, as well as inhibition of arterial contraction. In addition, Triclosan has been shown to reduce circulating thyroid hormone levels, alter the morphology of the thyroid gland, and interfere with thyroid hormone function.” The least understood aspect of TCS (Triclosan) is bioaccumulation and how this may relate to long-term health effects. Multiple urinalysis studies have shown the presence of TCS in subjects from around the world. In the US, 75% of 2517 participants were found to be positive for TCS in their urine at concentrations of 2.4–3790 μg/L, much higher than the initial detection level of 2.3 μg/L. TCS has also been detected in newborn cord blood. A study in New York City showed that 100% of urine samples from 181 pregnant mothers and 51% of cord blood samples from their babies contained TCS. Perinatal exposure to TCS in mouse models could be linked to impairment of neurogenesis and neuronal growth, which is then further associated with behavioral and social problems after birth, including decreased memory and increased anxiety-related behaviors. Although triclosan appears to have an effect on bacterial resistance to antibiotics in vitro, studies in the environment have not confirmed increased resistance. Its use in cosmetic products is considered safe for human health at authorized concentrations. Like all preservatives, the use of triclosan in cosmetic products is strictly regulated. However, ongoing research and regulatory reviews continue to evaluate its potential risks and benefits. Triclosan-Free Toothpaste Studies have accepted that the use of Triclosan in products as an antibacterial agent does not show a big difference compared to those not used and have not been able to explain its benefit. On the other hand, studies on its possible harms have revealed that there are many risks to the use of this raw material. While the same effect can be achieved by using natural antibacterial agents, the use of Triclosan, which contains many possible harms, is questionable. For this reason, it is possible to make a difference by using toothpastes that do not contain Triclosan and to provide a clean mouth without any doubt. Resources https://cosmileeurope.eu/inci/detail/16339/triclosan/ https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/reference/annexes/list/V Marques AC, Mariana M, Cairrao E. Triclosan and Its Consequences on the Reproductive, Cardiovascular and Thyroid Levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11427. Published 2022 Sep 28. doi:10.3390/ijms231911427 https://health.ec.europa.eu/latest-updates/sccs-scientific-advice-safety-triclocarban-and-triclosan-substances-potential-endocrine-disrupting-2022-11-04_en Papavasilopoulos, Rachel K, and Sanghoon Kang. “Bibliometric Analysis: The Effects of Triclosan on Human Health.” Toxics vol. 10.9 523. 1 Sep. 2022, doi:10.3390/toxics10090523
Learn more
Periodontitis and Gum Health
What is Periodontitis (Gum Recession)? Periodontitis is a type of gum disease characterized by inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth. It often results in deep pockets between the teeth and gums, which can eventually lead to tooth loss. The disease is initiated and sustained by the oral microbial biofilm. It is also influenced by factors such as genetic susceptibility and environmental conditions. In addition, periodontitis has been epidemiologically associated with systemic disorders such as atherosclerosis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, rheumatoid arthritis, some cancers, and diabetes. 1 Periodontitis (Gum Recession) Symptoms Symptoms of periodontitis include bleeding gums, red/bluish-purplish discoloration, gum recession, gum enlargement, tooth displacement, spacing, elongation, loosening, abscess formation, sensitivity and bad breath. 3 Periodontitis (Gum Recession) Treatment Conventional treatment of periodontal disease includes surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy, which consists of mechanical cleaning combined with effective plaque control. However, mechanical cleaning is a difficult procedure due to limitations such as inaccessibility to deep pockets, surface irregularities, and furcation areas. At this stage, the aim is to reduce or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms that cannot be destroyed mechanically by antimicrobial treatment. 4 What is Good for Receding Gums? Receding gums are an irreversible condition, meaning that receding gum tissue will not grow back. However, you can take some precautions to prevent the problem from getting worse. Treatment depends on the cause of your gum disease. If the problem is caused by harsh brushing or poor oral hygiene, it's important to talk to your dentist about changing your brushing and flossing habits. Using a daily mouthwash that helps prevent plaque buildup and using tools such as interdental cleaners or dental floss to keep hard-to-reach areas clean can help. Mild gum recession can increase the risk of bacteria accumulating around pockets in the gums, but it does not automatically increase your risk of gum disease. However, in areas with existing gum disease, gum recession can cause the disease to progress more quickly. 2 Effective and proper oral hygiene is essential for this. Home Remedies for Receding Gum There are many different causes of gum recession, as well as many different solutions. In cases of gum recession caused by incorrect brushing, correct brushing techniques can be learned under the supervision of a dentist and applied. In addition, the progression of gum recession can be prevented by using gum-nourishing pastes. The cause of gum recession must be thoroughly investigated and its origin must be found. It is critical that the treatment method be determined by a professional based on this cause. Periodontitis (Gum Recession) Toothpaste Studies have proven over the years that herbs such as turmeric, sage and shepherd’s purse have positive effects on the treatment of receding gums. 5 Therefore, using oral care products containing these herbs will be a great help in dealing with receding gums. Resources Graziani F, Karapetsa D, Alonso B, Herrera D. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease? Periodontol 2000. 2017 Oct;75(1):152-188. doi: 10.1111/prd.12201. PMID: 28758300. https://www.healthline.com/health/receding-gums-treatment#treatments Jati AS, Furquim LZ, Consolaro A. Gingival recession: its causes and types, and the importance of orthodontic treatment. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016 Jun;21(3):18-29. doi: 10.1590/2177-6709.21.3.018-029.oin. PMID: 27409650; PMCID: PMC4944726. Imber JC, Kasaj A. Treatment of Gingival Recession: When and How? Int Dent J. 2021 Jun;71(3):178-187. doi: 10.1111/idj.12617. Epub 2021 Jan 29. PMID: 34024328; PMCID: PMC9275303. Rani N, Singla RK, Narwal S, Tanushree, Kumar N, Rahman MM. Medicinal Plants Used as an Alternative to Treat Gingivitis and Periodontitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Sep 6;2022:2327641. doi: 10.1155/2022/2327641. PMID: 37941972; PMCID: PMC10630018.
Learn more
PARABENS: FRIEND OR FOE?
What is Paraben? Parabens are a family of chemicals commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic products. These preservative raw materials can be used to prevent the formation of harmful bacteria and mold in cosmetics in order to protect both products and consumers. The family members that we can most often encounter on cosmetic product labels are methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben. Cosmetic products usually contain mixtures of different types of parabens. The six most commonly used types are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl-, and isobutylparaben. Methyl- and ethylparabens, called short-chain parabens, are usually used together, while butylparaben is usually used alone. Long-chain parabens, propyl- and butylparabens, have been associated with stronger estrogenic activity. Some studies have shown that their branched structures increase estrogenic activity and sensitivity potential. 1,2 Where is Paraben Found? Parabens are found in many cosmetic products that are frequently used today. Their main purpose is to protect the product and prevent bacterial growth. For this reason, they have been used as an effective preservative in water-based products for years. Products Containing Paraben Parabens are found in many products that people use regularly and are frequently used in products with a high water content such as shampoo and conditioner due to their preservative potential. This is found in a wide range of products such as moisturizers , skin cleansers , sunscreens, deodorants, shaving gels, toothpastes, and makeup products. Parabens that we are exposed to in daily life are absorbed by the skin, metabolized by the body, and excreted from our bodies through urine. 1 Paraben-Free Products If you are concerned about parabens or want to choose paraben-free products, it is very important to read product labels carefully. On the other hand, parabens allow consumers to make their choice without confusion because their names are easy to distinguish. Additionally, it may be beneficial to seek the advice of a dermatologist or specialist to choose the right product based on your skin's sensitivity and specific needs. What does Paraben-Free mean? Paraben-free products are usually introduced to the market with the phrases “paraben free” or “paraben-free”. These products are formulated using natural preservatives or alternative preservatives instead of paraben. However, the use of this claim has recently sparked controversy and it has been claimed that it is intended to disparage the paraben family, which is considered safe to use within certain limits by authorities. 3 As a result of all the evaluations, it can be said that using this claim on labels is legally becoming a thing of the past. It will no longer be possible to see the claims “Paraben Free” or “Paraben-Free” on labels. 4 Therefore, it is necessary to read the contents on the label carefully and choose products that do not leave room for doubt based on this. Are Parabens Harmful? Many studies have been conducted on this subject from past to present and some results have been reached. Within the framework of these results, the evidence of its harmfulness due to its accumulation in the body is too important to be ignored. Some governments and health institutions that have listened to these results have taken important steps and introduced some regulations regarding the use of the raw material. Paraben Harms Several studies have examined paraben levels in the bodies of women, men, teenagers and children who regularly use cosmetics , and have shown that personal care products are the biggest contributor to paraben exposure. The urine samples of young girls who wear daily makeup have been found to contain propylparaben levels 20 times higher than those who do not wear makeup or rarely wear makeup. Several studies have found that the use of body and facial lotions, hair products, sunscreens and makeup products containing parabens is associated with significant increases in paraben levels in urine. 5 Parabens are considered safe to use within certain limits in many countries, such as Europe and Turkey. The EU Commission's statement on the subject mentions the risks as follows: “The main concern about parabens in cosmetics is the potential for some to mimic hormones in the body, particularly the female sex hormone estrogen. In laboratory test systems and in animals, parabens have been shown to have some hormone-like effects, but these effects are thousands to millions of times weaker than the effects of natural hormones. Their hormone-like properties appear to increase with the size of the paraben molecule. However, other experimental studies to date on the possible effects of paraben use on reproduction have been inconclusive, and many have had shortcomings that make their results difficult to interpret.” 6 Following these statements, on the other hand, the Danish government banned the use of propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl- and isobutylparabens in cosmetic products specifically designed for children under the age of three in 2011. Thereupon, the SCCS committee, which continued its research on the safety of the relevant raw material, stated that it considered that it had adopted a cautious approach in its assessment, but shared that further research was needed to reduce uncertainties and more precisely assess the potential risk of parabens found in different cosmetic products on children. 6 As a result, parabens are currently present in many cosmetic products with effective preservative functions. Since their use is considered safe by authorities within certain limits, there is no harm in using them in cosmetics as long as the limits are respected. On the other hand, scientific studies have shown that paraben exposure increases due to the use of more than one paraben-containing cosmetic product per day, which also raises questions about their safety. As a result of the evaluation of significant doubts, some governments do not find their use appropriate, while others suggest that additional research should be conducted and more data should be collected. Therefore, since studies on the effects of parabens on health are ongoing, it may be difficult to reach a definitive conclusion about their harmfulness at the moment. However, in line with concerns, being able to reach cosmetic products that are free from doubts with a conscious choice is becoming an increasingly increasing demand. For this reason, there are many different options on the shelves for users who want to prefer paraben-free products. Resources https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/parabens-cosmetics Engeli RT, Rohrer SR, Vuorinen A, Herdlinger S, Kaserer T, Leugger S, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Interference of Paraben Compounds with Estrogen Metabolism by Inhibition of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Sep 19;18(9):2007. doi: 10.3390/ijms18092007. PMID: 28925944; PMCID: PMC5618656. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/ https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R0655 Berger KP, Kogut KR, Bradman A, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Parra KL, Harley KG. 2018. Personal care product use as a predictor of urinary concentrations of certain phthalates, parabens, and phenols in the HERMOSA study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 29(1):21-32. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/docs/citizens_parabens_en.pdf
Learn more
Did Someone Say “SLS-Free”?
What is SLS? Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant, meaning it has an effect primarily on the surfaces it touches. It is used in a variety of products, including food thickeners, toothpastes, and floor cleaners. It stands out for its foaming function. What Does SLS Stand For? SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate), also known as sodium dodecyl sulfate, is derived from coconut and/or palm kernel oil or synthetically and is used as an emulsifier in various formulations. 1 Are SLS and SLES the Same? Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) are anionic surfactants and detergents found in many cleaning and personal care products. Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water, allowing oil and dirt to be removed more easily. For example, dishwashing detergents cleanse oils, while shampoos remove accumulated oil from hair. SLS and SLES help to create foam in cleansing and skin care products to achieve the desired effect. The main difference between the two is that SLES undergoes an additional process called ethoxylation, making it gentler on the skin. 2 Which Products Contain SLS? SLS is found in a wide range of products. It is a surfactant with many different functions used in a variety of products including food, detergents and cosmetics, but in skin care it acts as a cleansing agent. Product Groups Containing SLS Many products we use in our daily lives contain SLS. These can be listed as facial cleansers , body washes and shower gels, shampoos, hand soaps, detergents, toothpastes and cleaning products for your home. Is SLS Harmful? There are many different opinions about the harmfulness of SLS. Its negative effect on the skin barrier does not seem to be a subject open to discussion. Studies have shown that it causes deterioration in the skin barrier function. SLS Harms The use of SLS in consumer products is regulated and its potential for irritation is evaluated in the context of the full product formulation. SLS-free cosmetics are formulated to be gentler on the skin, which can reduce the risk of irritation and allergic reactions. A study published in The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology concluded that water-based creams without SLS have a lower potential for irritation than water-based creams containing SLS. 3 Another study conducted in 2021 used patches containing SLS on a group of women. Analysis before and one day after removing the SLS patch revealed an increase in skin redness and a decrease in skin barrier function. It has been observed that an impaired skin barrier function and dehydration caused by the SLS patch disrupt the delicate balance of the skin microbiota leading to skin bacterial community dysbiosis. 4 SLS-Free Products SLS-free products offer many potential benefits in terms of being skin-friendly and minimizing the risk of allergic reactions. Using SLS in toothpastes, especially those that come into direct contact with oral tissue, can lead to disruption of oral balance. While the importance of oral health, which is the first step of digestion, is an undisputed fact, it is possible to provide effective cleaning with safe ingredients that are free of doubt. Resources https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/chemicals/sodium-lauryl-sulfate-sls/ https://www.products.pcc.eu/en/blog/sles-and-sls-what-are-these-substances-and-where-are-they-used/ Mei-Hsia Chan M, Tan LS, Leow YH, Goon AT, Goh CL. Comparison of Irritancy Potential of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-free Aqueous Cream to Other Moisturizers: An Intraindividual Skin Occlusive Study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019 Jul;12(7):52-58. Epub 2019 Jul 1. PMID: 31531162; PMCID: PMC6715333. Leoty-Okombi S, Gillaizeau F, Leuillet S, Douillard B, Le Fresne-Languille S, Carton T, De Martino A, Moussou P, Bonnaud-Rosaye C, André V. Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Applied as a Patch on Human Skin Physiology and Its Microbiota. Cosmetics. 2021; 8(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8010006
Learn more
Atopic Skin and the Right Approach
What Is Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)? AAtopic dermatitis, commonly known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It is a common type of eczema that affects both children and adults, resulting from the complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.1 What Does Atopic Skin Mean? Atopic skin refers to skin prone to atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema. Atopic dermatitis leads to excessive itching, which can cause redness, swelling, cracking, clear fluid leakage, crusting, and flaking. Research shows that individuals with atopic dermatitis have a weakened skin barrier, making their skin more susceptible to irritants, allergens, and microbial invasions.2 What Causes Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)? There is no single known cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema); it likely results from multiple contributing factors. Current theories explore the roles of the immune system, genetic mutations in skin structure, defects in skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses, and yeasts), and several other factors. Causes of Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis involves a combination of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in skin barrier function, such as filaggrin, play a significant role in the development of atopic dermatitis. These genetic variations compromise the skin's ability to retain moisture, leading to dryness and increased permeability. This allows allergens and irritants to penetrate the skin more easily, triggering inflammatory responses. The primary causes can be summarized as genetic factors, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immunological mechanisms, and environmental triggers. 2 Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) In the acute phase, lesions present as intensely itchy, red, thickened, and scaly patches or plaques, which may become eroded due to scratching. In the chronic phase, prolonged scratching and rubbing result in dry, lichenified (hardened) skin lesions. The distribution of lesions is age-specific. In infants, lesions are most commonly seen on the face, scalp, neck, eyelids, and extensor surfaces of the extremities. In older children and adults, lesions occur on flexor surfaces such as the neck, inner elbows, and back of the knees. Severe itching is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis. Itching usually precedes lesions and is worsened by dry air, sweating, local irritation, wool clothing, and emotional stress. 3 Common environmental triggers of symptoms include: Excessive bathing or washing Hard soaps Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization Sweating Rough fabrics and wool Is Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Contagious? Atopic dermatitis is not contagious, so it cannot be spread from person to person. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Treatment Treatment of atopic dermatitis is most effective by addressing the underlying pathophysiological processes. Counseling on appropriate skin care and avoidance of triggers helps patients manage the underlying skin barrier defect. Scratching of pruritic lesions often increases pruritus, which leads to further scratching. It is important to break the itch-scratch cycle. General skin care should focus on the most common sources of skin irritation (over-washing and harsh soaps): Limiting the frequency and duration of washing and bathing Keeping the temperature of the bath water at lukewarm Avoid excessive scrubbing, instead gently pat the skin dry after showering/bathing. Applying a moisturizer ( ointment or cream—products containing ceramides are especially helpful) Reducing emotional stress is helpful and helps break the itch-scratch cycle . Does Eczema Go Away On Its Own? Since this condition is completely related to immunity, it is also possible for it to go away on its own. What is Good for Eczema? According to the article written by Chang et al., there is more than one treatment method. Topical Corticosteroids: One of the most commonly used treatments for eczema. Corticosteroid creams help reduce inflammation in the skin and relieve itching. However, long-term use can cause side effects such as thinning of the skin. Moisturizers and Wet Wraps: Keeping the skin hydrated is an important step in managing eczema. Moisturizers help prevent water loss from the skin. Wet wraps help retain moisture for longer periods of time and reduce itching. Antihistamines: These drugs are used especially to relieve itching and are also preferred to help with sleep. Topical Immunomodulators (Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus): These medications reduce inflammation by regulating the skin's immune response. They are used as an alternative to corticosteroids and may be safer with long-term use. Phototherapy (UVB): Ultraviolet light therapy slows the growth of skin cells and reduces inflammation. This may be used in severe cases of eczema. Oral immunosuppressants: Medications such as cyclosporine A, methotrexate and azathioprine relieve eczema symptoms by suppressing the immune system. However, these medications can have serious side effects and are usually only recommended for severe cases. Natural and Alternative Treatments: Alternative treatments such as probiotics and nutritional supplements can also be used to manage eczema. Probiotics have been shown to reduce the risk of eczema, especially in infants. The effectiveness of these treatment methods may vary depending on the patient's condition, and the treatment plan should be determined by a dermatologist or allergist. 1 Products for Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) The products to be used for atopic dermatitis should primarily have gentle ingredients due to the sensitivity of the skin. It is important to choose products that will not irritate the skin and will support its repair. The atopic dermatitis care set, especially prepared with ceramide, skin amino acids, minerals and effective natural extracts, supports the relief and renewal of the skin while helping to reduce its symptoms. Moisturizing the skin is another important requirement. To achieve this, it is of great importance to use products with high moisturizing properties and safe ingredients. Resources Chang C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Treatment of eczema. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007 Dec;33(3):204-25. doi: 10.1007/s12016-007-0033-8. PMID: 18163227. Avena-Woods C. Overview of atopic dermatitis. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Jun;23(8 Suppl):S115-S123. PMID: 28978208. https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/ Ruenger, T. M. (2023, January). Atopic dermatitis (eczema). In Merck Manual . Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema
Learn more