Expert Perspectives
Causes of Brittle Nails and Natural Treatment Methods
Nail Structure and Anatomy The nail unit consists of the nail plate, surrounding soft tissues, the vascular network, and the neural connections of the distal phalanx. The nail plate is a laminated, keratinized structure that lies on the nail bed, consisting of the nail matrix (15-25%), the distal onychodermal band (75-85%), and the hyponychium at its free edge. A crescent-shaped lunula, located at the anterior end of the matrix, may be prominent in some fingers. The nail plate is located within the proximal and lateral folds. The cuticle (eponychium), originating from the proximal nail fold, adheres tightly to the surface of the proximal nail plate. The nail unit possesses a dense and complex vascular network that supports blood circulation. Furthermore, both the periungual soft tissues and the nail folds are supplied with nerves [1, 2]. Nail Layers The nail plate has three basic layers consisting of keratin fibers arranged in different directions: Dorsal Layer: This layer, which forms the uppermost part of the nail, has a hard and dense structure. Its hard keratin content provides durability to the nail. Middle Layer (Intermediate Layer): The middle layer, which constitutes the thickest part of the nail, is important in terms of both elasticity and durability. The bonds between the keratin fibers provide the nail with flexibility. Ventral Layer: The bottom layer of the nail plate and is in direct contact with the nail bed. This layer helps the nail adhere firmly to the nail bed and supports its nutrition. These three layers work together to make the nail hard, flexible and durable [3]. Characteristics of Healthy Nails Healthy nails should have a smooth, even surface and appear pink and slightly shiny. They should be durable and slightly flexible, free of brittleness, and grow at a regular and even rate. Cuticles should be healthy and free of inflammation. The lunula (half-moon) seen on some nails, such as the thumb, may be visible, but it is not necessarily present on every nail. Furthermore, healthy nails should not show any peeling or peeling, and they should not show any discoloration such as yellowing, white spots, or bruising. The skin surrounding the nail should have a healthy appearance, free of redness or swelling. Abnormalities in these characteristics can be a sign of various health problems [4]. Main Causes of Nail Brittleness Nail brittleness can be caused by a variety of factors. Nutritional deficiencies are among the primary causes; biotin, iron, protein, zinc, and magnesium deficiencies, in particular, weaken nails. External and environmental factors also play a significant role; frequent exposure to water and chemicals, cold weather, and UV rays cause nails to dry out and break. Furthermore, improper nail care and physical trauma, such as harsh filing, nail biting, and improper manicures, weaken nail structure. Health conditions such as hypothyroidism, fungal infections, psoriasis, and Raynaud's disease can lead to nail brittleness. Finally, hormonal changes, especially during menopause and pregnancy, can cause nails to weaken [5,6]. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Nail health can be affected by various vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Biotin (B7) deficiency leads to brittle nails and white spots, while iron deficiency (anemia) results in spoon-shaped nails and a pale texture. Zinc deficiency manifests as white spots and horizontal lines. Calcium deficiency can cause thin and brittle nails, while magnesium deficiency can cause slow growth and vertical lines. Vitamin D deficiency leads to thin and brittle nails, and vitamin A deficiency can cause drying, peeling, and splitting. Finally, vitamin E deficiency manifests as cracked nails. Appropriate dietary sources (e.g., eggs, milk, green vegetables) are recommended to prevent these deficiencies [7,8]. Hormonal Changes This article discusses some hormonal changes that affect nail health. Hypothyroidism causes nails to grow slowly, become brittle, and thick, while hyperthyroidism causes nails to grow thin, soft, and quickly. During menopause, decreasing estrogen levels can cause nails to dry and break. During pregnancy, changes in hormone levels can cause nails to grow quickly but become brittle. Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle can cause nails to dry and break periodically. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), due to increased androgen hormone levels and an estrogen imbalance, can cause nails to weaken and peel. Finally, stress and increased cortisol levels can lead to problems such as horizontal lines and slow nail growth [9]. Chemical Exposure Constant exposure to chemicals can lead to dry, brittle nails, discoloration, and infections. Chemicals like detergents and solvents can dry nails, while caustic chemicals can cause peeling of the nail layers. Excessive nail polish use, smoking, and heavy metals can also cause discoloration. Chemicals not only slow nail growth but also increase the risk of irritation and infection around the nails. To prevent chemical damage, it's important to wear gloves, choose acetone-free nail polish remover, and moisturize nails [10]. Medical Conditions Brittle nails can be a symptom of various medical conditions. Hypothyroidism, due to a lack of thyroid hormones, can cause nails to become dry and brittle, while hyperthyroidism can cause nails to grow thin and quickly. Psoriasis can cause peeling and splitting, and nail fungal infections can also weaken nails. Anemia can cause pale and brittle nails due to iron deficiency, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially biotin, zinc, and vitamins A and D) can also negatively impact nail health. Raynaud's disease weakens nails due to poor circulation, while autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis can also lead to nail deformities. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can cause nails to weaken and break due to hormonal imbalances. Each of these conditions can compromise nail health and lead to brittleness [11]. The Effect of Nutrition on Nail Health Nail health is closely linked to nutrition. Adequate protein, vitamins, and mineral intake ensures strong and healthy nails. Biotin (vitamin B7), which supports keratin production, is found in foods like eggs, almonds, and avocados and thickens nails. Iron deficiency can cause spoon nails, and foods like red meat and spinach are good sources of iron. Zinc supports nail growth, and meat and seafood are rich in this mineral. Calcium and vitamin D strengthen nails; milk and sunlight are good sources. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like salmon and walnuts, maintain the moisture balance of nails. Adequate water consumption also keeps nails moist. A balanced diet is important for healthy nails. Protein Needs Keratin, the primary component of nails, requires adequate protein intake for healthy nail formation and growth. Protein deficiency leads to thin, brittle, and slow-growing nails. Adults require 0.8–1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, and this amount can be increased in certain circumstances. Animal sources such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and dairy products are the most effective sources of protein. Plant-based sources such as lentils, chickpeas, and beans can also be consumed, but multiple plant-based sources should be consumed to ensure amino acid diversity. Some amino acids that support nail health are cystine, methionine, lysine, and arginine. Protein deficiency manifests itself through symptoms such as white lines on the nails, brittleness, slow growth, and peeling [12]. Essential Vitamins Certain vitamins are essential for healthy and strong nails. Biotin (vitamin B7) strengthens nails by increasing keratin production, while vitamin A promotes cell renewal and accelerates nail growth. Vitamin C boosts collagen production and promotes iron absorption, thus strengthening nail structure. Vitamin D hardens nails by increasing calcium absorption, while vitamin E moisturizes nails and prevents cracking. Vitamin B12 is essential for healthy nail color and helps with oxygen transport, while folic acid (vitamin B9) promotes cell renewal and promotes healthy nail growth. These vitamins are important for strong and healthy nail growth [13,14]. Mineral Balance Certain minerals are crucial for nail health. Iron maintains nail color and structure; a deficiency leads to pale nails and is found in foods like red meat and spinach. Zinc promotes nail growth and prevents white spots and is found in meat and seafood. Calcium strengthens nails and a deficiency can cause brittle nails and is found in foods like milk and cheese. Magnesium prevents nail breakage and aids cell regeneration and is found in foods like hazelnuts and almonds. Silicon strengthens weak nails by increasing nail flexibility and is found in whole grains and green vegetables. These minerals are essential for healthy nails [13,14]. External Factors and Protection Methods Nails can be affected by environmental and external factors. Hot and cold weather can dry nails and lead to breakage, so it's important to wear gloves. Chemical cleaning products can weaken nails, so gloves should be used to protect them. Prolonged exposure to water weakens nails, while physical trauma can also cause them to break. Excessive manicures can damage nail structure, so gentle care is essential. To maintain nail health, it's important to use moisturizers, eat a healthy diet, wear gloves, keep nails short, and avoid prolonged contact with water [15]. Protection from Detergents and Chemicals Detergents and chemical products can dry out nails, weaken them, and cause them to break. Prolonged exposure to chemicals can cause sensitivity in the skin and nails. Wearing gloves is the most effective method for protecting against chemical contact; cotton-lined gloves are preferred. Additionally, using natural cleaning products and washing and moisturizing your hands after cleaning are beneficial. Keeping your nails short also increases protection against chemicals. Washing your hands immediately after contact with chemicals protects your nails. These simple precautions help keep your nails healthy [16]. Preventing Mechanical Damage Nails need to be carefully protected to prevent mechanical damage. Keeping nails short and properly shaped reduces the risk of breakage. Wearing gloves during cleaning or heavy work protects nails. Avoiding contact with hard surfaces prevents nail breakage. Furthermore, avoiding using nails as tools and using protective nail polish or nail strengthening products strengthens nails. Regular care is important to keep cuticles moisturized and nails flexible and durable [17]. Natural Care Tips Moisture Support with Olive Oil Olive oil moisturizes and strengthens nails and softens cuticles. Massage it into your nails every night, leave it on for a few minutes, and then rinse. Lemon and Olive Oil Mixture This duo whitens, nourishes, and moisturizes nails. Mix 1 teaspoon of olive oil with a few drops of lemon juice, apply it to your nails, and leave it on for 10-15 minutes. Deep Conditioning with Coconut Oil Coconut oil prevents nails from drying out and strengthens them. Massage it into your nails at night and leave it on overnight. Soothing Effect with Aloe Vera Aloe vera gel moisturizes nails and soothes cuticles. Apply fresh aloe vera gel to your nails and wait 10-15 minutes. Revitalizing Support with Green Tea Rich in antioxidants, green tea strengthens nails and promotes healthy growth. Steep a green tea bag in hot water for 5 minutes. Once cooled, soak your nails in it for 10-15 minutes. Honey and Sugar Scrub A mixture of honey and sugar softens nails with its moisturizing and exfoliating properties. Massage a mixture of 1 teaspoon of honey and 1 teaspoon of sugar into your nails. Leave it on for 5 minutes, then rinse. Gain Strength with Garlic Garlic strengthens nails, prevents breakage, and reduces the risk of infection. Crush a clove of garlic, rub it on your nails, leave it on for 5-10 minutes, and then rinse. [18, 19] With Nourishing Oil Strengthen Your Skin with Argan Oil Antioxidant-rich argan oil strengthens nails and helps prevent breakage. Massage a few drops into your nails and cuticles. Softness with Sweet Almond Oil Sweet almond oil nourishes, moisturizes, and softens brittle nails. Gently massage into your nails. Flexible and Durable Nails with Jojoba Oil Jojoba oil adds flexibility to nails, moisturizes them, and prevents cracking. Gently apply to nails and cuticles and leave on overnight. Healthy Growth with Vitamin E Oil Vitamin E oil supports healthy nail growth by promoting cell regeneration. You can apply it directly to nails or use the oil in capsule form. Protective Effect of Lavender Oil Lavender oil strengthens nails, softens cuticles, and protects against infection. Massage it into cuticles or mix it with other nourishing oils. Natural Masks 1. Olive Oil and Lemon Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon olive oil, 1 teaspoon lemon juice Benefits: While olive oil moisturizes, lemon whitens and strengthens nails. Preparation and Application: Mix olive oil and lemon juice. Apply the mixture to your nails and cuticles. Wait 10-15 minutes, then wash with warm water [20]. 2. Honey and Sugar Exfoliating Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon of honey, 1 tablespoon of sugar Benefits: While honey has moisturizing properties, sugar provides a natural peeling effect, softens and revitalizes the nails. Preparation and Application: Mix honey and sugar, apply to your nails by gently massaging. Wait 5-10 minutes, then rinse with water [21]. 3. Coconut Oil and Vitamin E Mask Ingredients: 1 tablespoon coconut oil, 1 vitamin E capsule Benefits: Coconut oil moisturizes and nourishes, while vitamin E strengthens nails. Preparation and Application: Slightly warm the coconut oil and mix it by opening the vitamin E capsule. Apply it to your nails and cuticles. Leave it on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse [22]. 4. Aloe Vera Mask Ingredients: Fresh aloe vera gel (or aloe vera oil) Benefits: Aloe vera nourishes, moisturizes, and strengthens nails. It also softens cuticles and provides a soothing effect. Preparation and Application: Apply fresh aloe vera gel to your nails and cuticles. Leave it on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse [23]. 5. Garlic Mask Ingredients: 2 cloves of garlic, 1 tablespoon of olive oil Benefits: Garlic strengthens nails and prevents them from breaking. Olive oil moisturizes. Preparation and Application: Crush the garlic and mix it with olive oil. Apply it to your nails, wait 10-15 minutes, then rinse [24]. Nail Care Routine Regular care is important to maintain nail health. It's important to clean nails, carefully remove old nail polish, and avoid excessive acetone use. Gently pushing back cuticles, regularly cutting, and filing them in a rounded shape prevents breakage. Natural oils like olive oil and coconut oil can be used for moisturizing. You can support repair with a nail care pen . It's important to apply a mask weekly, protect your nails from chemicals with gloves, and avoid using your nails as tools. A diet rich in protein, biotin, zinc, and vitamin E supports nail health. Applying a base coat and giving your nails a break from time to time is beneficial when using nail polish. If changes or problems are noticed, consult a dermatologist [25]. When Should You Consult a Specialist? Professional help may sometimes be necessary to maintain nail health. If you notice discoloration, deformities, or abnormal growth in your nails, you should consult a dermatologist. Pain, swelling, redness, or pus formation can be signs of infection and require professional help. Furthermore, sudden nail loss or weakening can indicate nutritional deficiencies or health problems. Persistently breaking or cracking nails or cuticle infections also require professional treatment. Nail fungus can manifest as yellowing, thickening, or a foul odor and requires treatment. If the nail is injured and bruised or bleeding, consult a specialist. Additionally, nutritional issues or dietary changes can cause weakened nails, and professional help should be sought in these cases. In the event of any of these symptoms, seeking help from a dermatologist or nail specialist is the right step. References 1. de Berker D. (2013). Nail anatomy. Clinics in dermatology, 31(5), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.06.006 2. Fleckman, P., & Allan, C. (2001). Surgical anatomy of the nail unit. Dermatologic surgery: official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 27(3), 257–260. 3. Turkish Clinics. (ty). Nail anatomy and structure. Turkish Clinics. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com 4. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-strengthen-nails 5. Medicover Hospitals. (ty). Brittle nails: Causes, treatment, and symptoms. Medicover Hospitals. Access address: https://www.medicoverhospitals.in 6. Buzoğlu, H. (ty). Brittle nails, causes, treatment. Hakan Buzoğlu. Access address: https://hakanbuzoglu.com.tr 7. Medicover Hospitals. (ty). Vitamin Deficiencies and Brittle Nails. Access address: https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/tr/articles/brittle-nails-vitamin-deficiency 8. Vogue Türkiye. (2019, September 10). Which Vitamins and Minerals Should Be Used for Nail Health?. Access address: https://vogue.com.tr/dilara-kocak/tirnak-sagligi-icin-hangi-vitamin-ve-mineraller-kullanilmali 9. Darwyn Health. (2023). How Hormonal Imbalances Can Affect the Health of Your Nails. Available at: https://www.darwynhealth.com/skin-health/skin-disorders/nail-disorders/causes-of-nail-disorders/how-hormonal-imbalances-can-affect-the-health-of-your-nails/?lang=en 10. Doğanel Aksoy, S., Karaman, S., Pulat İmamoğlu, S., & Yılmaz, S. (2018). Adverse health effects of cosmetics and personal care products and their safe use. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 1-10. 11. Medical Park Hospitals Group. (nd). Which disease is a sign of brittle nails? Retrieved from https://www.medicalpark.com.tr/tirnak-kirilmasi-hangi-hastaligin-belirtisidir/hg-4574?utm_source=chatgpt.com 12. Kaur, I., & Rani, P. (2021). Amino acids and their role in nail health: A review. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 32(4), 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2021.1903227 13. Broughton, KA, & Cahill, K. L. (2019). The impact of vitamins and minerals on nail health. Nutritional Journal, 18(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0501-3 14. Gupta, M., & Baran, R. (2016). The role of biotin in nail health: A review. Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research, 2(2), 106-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jderm.2014.03.003 15. Khandpur, S., & Dhumal, G. (2018). Environmental factors and their impact on nails. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 84(4), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_237_18 16. Warshaw, E.M., & Zug, K.A. (2012). Dermatitis due to contact with detergents and cleaning agents. Dermatitis, 23(5), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0b013e318266be7f 17. Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2018). Protective measures for nail health: A focus on mechanical damage and cosmetic products. Dermatologic Therapy, 31(4), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12472 18. https://bioder.com/epilation/blog/cilt-bakimi-hakkinda/guclu-tirnaklar-icin-bakim-onerileri?utm_source. 19. https://www.wikihow.com/Care-for-Your-Nails 20. Shenefelt, P. D. (2011). Herbal treatment in dermatology. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 12(6), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.2165/11593300-000000000-00000 21. Bogdanov, S., Jurendic, T., Sieber, R., & Gallmann, P. (2008). Honey for nutrition and health: A review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(6), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719745 22. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 23(6), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1159/000313516 23. Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 24. Harris, R., & Cottrell, S. (2012). The antimicrobial properties of garlic and its relevance in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 51(4), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05069.x 25. Rich, P. (2013). Nail disorders that may mimic fungal nail infections. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 14(5), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0032-y 26. Wollina, U., Nenoff, P., Haroske, G., & Haenssle, H. A. (2016). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 113(29-30), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509 27. Türkiye Clinics. Nail Care and Cosmetics. Türkiye Clinics. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/tr-tirnak-bakimi-ve-kozmetikleri-48273.html 28. Uplifers. What nails say about health. https://www.uplifers.com/tirnaklar-saglik-hakkinda-ne-soyluyor 29. New Century. (December 10, 2024). Get strong nails with natural care: What nourishes nails best. https://www.yeniasir.com.tr/saglik/2024/12/10/dogal-bakimlarla-guclu-tirnaklara-kavusun-tirnaklari-en-iyi-ne-besler
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Sun Protection for Babies: A Comprehensive Guide for Their Sensitive Skin
Babies' skin is much thinner and more sensitive than adults', making them more vulnerable to the sun's harmful UV rays. Sun exposure, especially in early childhood, can lead to skin problems later in life. Therefore, protecting babies from the sun during summertime is vital. In this guide, we'll walk you through the most effective sun protection methods, safe product use, and key points to consider to protect babies' delicate skin.[1] Why Is Baby Skin So Sensitive to the Sun? Risks You Should Know [2] From birth, babies' skin is vulnerable to external factors. Sunlight is one of the most common and dangerous environmental factors. This can cause irritation, burns, and damage to babies' skin much more quickly. So, what makes baby skin so vulnerable? And what health risks does this pose? The Fine Structure of Baby Skin and Melanin Deficiency Babies' skin is approximately 20% thinner than adult skin. This thin structure allows external factors, especially the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays, to penetrate more easily. Melanin, the natural pigment that protects the skin from UV rays, is produced in very low amounts in babies, making them more susceptible to sunburn. Therefore, exposing babies to direct sunlight can cause permanent skin damage. Risk of Sunburn, Heat Rash, and Heat Stroke Babies can easily burn when exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods. Sunburns not only cause pain but also increase the risk of infection. Furthermore, because their sweat glands are not yet fully developed, babies have difficulty wicking heat away from their bodies. This can lead to serious health problems such as heat rash and even heat stroke. These conditions, especially in babies younger than 6 months, require immediate medical attention. Long-Term Risk of Developing Skin Cancer Sunburns during childhood can significantly increase the risk of skin cancer later in life. Research shows that intense UV exposure, especially in the early years of life, can cause permanent DNA damage in skin cells. This can lead to the development of serious skin diseases such as malignant melanoma. Therefore, sun protection during infancy is crucial not only for immediate health but also for long-term quality of life. When Can Babies Be Sunbathed? The First 6 Months Are a Critical Period Sunlight is an important source of vitamin D production for the body, but caution is necessary when it comes to babies. The first six months, in particular, are an extremely sensitive period for babies' skin development. Exposure to direct sunlight during this period can seriously threaten their health. When it comes to sun exposure, it's crucial to follow certain rules and timing.[2] Why It's Essential to Protect Newborn Babies from Direct Sunlight Newborns' skin is extremely thin and permeable, lacking a protective layer of oil. Therefore, the damage caused by UV rays is felt much more acutely in this age group. The American Academy of Pediatrics and many health authorities recommend that babies be kept out of direct sunlight during the first six months of life. Even sunscreen used during this period can cause some sensitivity, so the primary protection should be shade, appropriate clothing, and physical barriers. When babies are taken outdoors, they should be kept in the shade and dressed in hats and light, long-sleeved cotton clothing. This approach protects their skin and acts as a natural shield against the harmful effects of sunlight. Safe Sunbathing Guidelines for Babies Over 6 Months [2] While a baby's skin begins to become more resilient after six months, it's still very sensitive. Therefore, the best time to go out in the sun is before 10:00 a.m. and after 4:00 p.m. Outside of these hours, avoid going outside when the sun is at a direct angle. For babies over 6 months, a specially formulated, fragrance-free, mineral-based sunscreen with a minimum SPF 30 protection factor can be used. Sunscreen should be applied to your baby's skin approximately 20-30 minutes before birth and reapplied every two hours or after sweating or swimming. However, hats, sunglasses, UV-protective clothing, and shaded areas are still essential parts of a preventative strategy. Safe sun exposure is important not only for vitamin D but also for a baby's ability to develop a healthy relationship with the outdoors. Choosing Sunscreen for Babies: The Safest and Most Effective Formulas [3] Babies' skin is extremely sensitive and permeable. This makes them more vulnerable to sunlight and makes the ingredients in their skin care products extremely important. Sunscreen is an effective way to protect babies from harmful UV rays; however, choosing the wrong product can cause more harm than good. Therefore, it's best to choose sunscreens specifically formulated for babies and free of harmful chemicals. Below, you can find a detailed review of the most important criteria to consider when choosing a sunscreen. Why Choose Mineral Filter (Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide) Sunscreen? Sunscreens with mineral (physical) filters reflect and scatter UV rays by forming a layer on the skin's surface. These filters are derived from natural minerals such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Baby skin tolerates these substances much better than chemical filters because they remain on the surface without being absorbed into the skin. Products with chemical filters are absorbed by the skin and neutralize UV rays by converting them into heat. However, this process can cause skin reactions, allergic reactions, and even hormonal imbalances, especially in infants. Sunscreens with mineral filters, on the other hand, carry a lower risk of allergies and are considered safe for sensitive skin. What is the Ideal SPF Value for Babies? (SPF 30-50+) The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value indicates the level of protection a sunscreen provides against UVB rays. The minimum recommended SPF for babies is 30. This value blocks approximately 97% of UVB rays. Products with SPF 50 and above provide more than 98% protection and are suitable for fair-skinned babies who are very sensitive to the sun. However, regardless of the high SPF, sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours, especially after contact with water. It's important to remember that a high SPF alone doesn't guarantee complete protection. Effective sun protection is achieved when used in conjunction with shade, a hat, and protective clothing. Products Labeled Fragrance-Free, Paraben-Free, Hypoallergenic and "Special for Babies" When choosing sunscreen for babies, be sure to look for the following statements on the product: Fragrance-free: Perfumes may cause irritation or allergic reactions on baby skin. Paraben-free: Parabens can affect hormonal balance, according to some studies, so they should be avoided, especially in baby products. Hypoallergenic: These are products specially formulated to minimize the risk of skin allergies. The phrase “Special for babies”: This label indicates that the product has been dermatologically tested and contains a formula suitable for baby skin. Harmful Chemicals to Avoid (Oxybenzone, Octinoxate, etc.) The chemical filters found in some sunscreens are particularly risky for baby skin. It's especially recommended to avoid the following ingredients: Oxybenzone: May cause skin irritation and is also considered an ingredient that may affect the hormonal system. Octinoxate: Absorbed through the skin and may cause skin sensitization. Homosalate, Avobenzone, Octocrylene: Other common chemical filters to avoid in baby products. Ultimately, the key to choosing sunscreen for babies is to ensure it contains safe, natural ingredients suitable for sensitive skin. A sunscreen with mineral filters, a high SPF, and is fragrance-free and chemical-free is the healthiest way to protect your baby's skin from harmful UV rays. How to Apply Sunscreen to Babies Properly: A Step-by-Step Guide [1] Sunscreen is one of the most important ways to protect babies from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. However, simply choosing the right product isn't enough; how and how often it's applied is also crucial for the effectiveness of the protection. In babies, sunscreen needs to be applied correctly, especially because their skin is thinner and more permeable. Below, you'll find detailed steps and tips for applying sunscreen to babies. How Much Sunscreen Should You Use? For sunscreen to be effective, it must be used in sufficient quantities. For babies, a thumb-sized amount of sunscreen is ideal for each major area, even though their body area is smaller. A rough guideline is: For face and neck: a pea-sized amount For each arm: pea-sized amount For each leg: hazelnut-sized amount For chest and abdomen: about a teaspoon For the back: about a teaspoon again Insufficient sunscreen, no matter how high-quality the product, cannot provide the expected protection. Therefore, parents should apply the correct amount with gentle movements, rather than "sparingly applying and spreading." Furthermore, sunscreen should be applied 15–30 minutes before sun exposure. This allows the product to settle on the skin and achieve its full effect. How Often Should Sunscreen Be Reapplied? (Especially After Water and Sweating) The effectiveness of sunscreen diminishes over time, and factors like activity, sweating, and contact with water, especially in babies, shorten this effect even further. Therefore, applying sunscreen just once is not sufficient. Sunscreen in general: It should be reapplied every 2 hours. It should be refreshed after swimming, showering or heavy sweating. It should be noted that even if they are labeled “water resistant,” these products are generally effective for 40–80 minutes. Parents often apply sunscreen to their babies after swimming without waiting for them to dry. However, sunscreen applied to wet skin can run off without being absorbed. Therefore, gently dry your baby's skin first, then reapply sunscreen. Special Attention to Sensitive Areas Like the Face, Ears, Neck, Backs of Hands and Feet Areas directly exposed to sunlight are more susceptible to damage. Babies, in particular, are more susceptible to: The face (especially the nose and cheeks), Ear flaps and backs, Nape, The upper part of the hands, Areas like the back of the foot and between the toes are often overlooked, but sunburn is most common in these areas. To protect these sensitive areas, the following points should be taken into consideration: If using a face sunscreen, avoid applying it too close to the eye area. Contact with the eyes may cause irritation. The ears are not usually shaded by the hat, so the exposed parts should be carefully covered with cream. The nape of the neck can be an area that hats and clothing can't protect. Even thin clothing can transmit UV rays, so sunscreen should be applied to this area. The hands and the backs of the feet are among the most exposed areas of active babies. Sunscreen applied to these areas should be prevented from reaching into the baby's mouth until it is absorbed. When applying sunscreen, gently massage it into the skin with circular motions to prevent irritation and distribute the cream evenly. For spray-on products, it's safer to spray it onto the parent's hand first and then apply it to the face, rather than spraying directly onto the face. Consequently, if sunscreen isn't applied carefully, at the right time and in the right amount, your baby's skin won't be adequately protected. Not only product selection but also the method and frequency of application are equally important. Regular application, paying particular attention to sensitive areas, allows your baby to enjoy the sun safely and protects their long-term skin health. Sun Protective Clothing: Baby Wardrobe Essentials [4] One of the most effective and practical ways to protect babies from the harmful effects of the sun is to choose appropriate clothing. Sun-protective clothing largely prevents UV rays from reaching the skin, especially during summer when spent outdoors. While sunscreen is an important defensive measure, clothing that acts as a physical barrier provides more continuous and safe protection. Therefore, a baby's wardrobe should include clothing that is not only stylish and comfortable but also offers UV protection. Here are the key factors to consider: The Importance of UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) Certified Fabrics UPF, or "Ultraviolet Protection Factor," is a scientific measurement that indicates how much protection a fabric provides against the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Just like the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) found in sunscreen, UPF indicates how well a garment blocks UV rays. UPF 15-20: Provides basic protection. Blocks approximately 93% of UV rays. UPF 30-49: Provides good protection. Blocks 96-97% of UV rays. UPF 50+: Provides excellent protection and blocks more than 98%. Clothes with a UPF 50+ label are ideal for babies. These products are typically crafted using special weaving techniques and almost completely block UV rays from passing through the fabric. Their breathable structure also prevents your baby from sweating or feeling uncomfortable. UPF-certified products are tested differently than regular clothing and offer a guarantee of protection. Therefore, choosing products with this label when exposing your baby to the sun is crucial for long-term skin health. Choose long-sleeved, light-colored, and loose-fitting clothing UPF alone isn't enough when choosing clothing; the type, color, and cut of fabric also directly impact protection. When choosing appropriate summer clothing for babies, the following criteria should be considered: Long-sleeved and long-legged clothing: Covers more skin and reduces direct UV exposure. Light-colored fabrics: Colors like white, beige, and light blue reflect sunlight and reduce overheating. Dark-colored fabrics, on the other hand, absorb sunlight and can cause your baby to sweat more quickly. Loose-fitting clothing: Allows air circulation, thus keeping the baby cool and preventing direct contact of the sun with the skin. Fabrics made from natural fibers like cotton and bamboo are both breathable and gentle on sensitive skin. However, since it's unknown how well thin cotton clothing blocks UV rays, it's best to choose ones with a UPF label. Wide-Brimmed Hats: Face, Ear, and Neck Protection Often overlooked but crucial for sun protection are the face, ears, and nape of the neck. Hats are essential accessories for protecting these areas. However, not every hat provides the same level of protection. The ideal hat for babies should have the following features: Wide-brimmed (at least 5–7 cm): This style of hat keeps the forehead, cheeks and nape of the neck in shade. Neck-protective models: Some hats have protective wings that extend all the way to the nape of your neck. These designs also protect the exposed nape from UV rays. Adjustable elastic or laced models: They stay comfortably on the baby's head and do not fall down while moving. In conclusion, sun protective clothing is a reliable protection method for babies that can be used not only in summer but also in outdoor activities all year round. 6. Choosing UV-Protected Sunglasses for Baby Eye Health[5] Babies' eyes are much more sensitive than adults'. Because their lenses are more transparent, the sun's harmful UV rays can directly reach the retina. This can cause long-term vision problems. Wearing UV-protective sunglasses is especially important to protect your baby's eye health during the summer months, as more time is spent outdoors. What Should You Pay Attention to? Products with 100% UV protection (UV400) should be preferred. Unbreakable and lightweight glasses (polycarbonate lenses) are important for safety. Flexible and soft frames should fit comfortably on the baby's face. BPA-free materials and adjustable band designs should be preferred. Staying in the Shade and Timing: The Most Effective Natural Protection Methods [2] One of the simplest and most natural ways to protect babies from the sun's harmful effects is to keep them in the shade whenever possible and take them outside at the right times. Physically staying out of the sun provides continuous, side-effect-free protection against UV rays. Use of Sunshades and Awnings for Strollers, Pushchairs and Play Areas UV-protective awnings and sunshades used on strollers and strollers create shade by blocking direct sunlight. When playing outdoors, using shades, umbrellas, or tent-style play areas protects your baby's skin and eyes from harmful rays. Avoid Going Out During the Hours When the Sun is Strong and Intense (10:00 – 16:00) Babies should avoid being outdoors between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., when the sun's rays are strongest. If you must go outside, choose shaded areas, and take additional protective measures (hat, sunscreen, appropriate clothing) to protect your baby. What to Do If Babies Get Sunburned? First Aid and Treatment Methods [6] Because babies' skin is so sensitive, even brief sun exposure can cause burns. In such cases, prompt and appropriate intervention can increase baby's comfort and prevent potential complications. Home Remedies for Mild Burns If the sunburn is mild, meaning there is redness, a slight warmth, and discomfort, the following steps can be taken: Apply a cool compress: Gently compress the baby's skin with a clean, lukewarm (not cold) cloth. Suitable skin care products : Using fragrance-free, dermatologically approved skin care products suitable for babies soothes the skin. Keep the baby in a cool, shaded area: It is important to stay out of the sun until the skin has healed completely. Ensure plenty of fluids: More frequent feedings are important for breastfed babies, and water or appropriate fluid support is important for older babies. When to See a Doctor? Symptoms of a Serious Burn If your sunburn is more than superficial, you should consult a healthcare professional. If you experience one or more of the following symptoms, consult a doctor immediately: Blisters Excessive restlessness, crying, or sleepiness Fever, chills, vomiting, or weakness Burn areas are very large (especially on the face, neck, hands or genital area) Babies' Fluid Needs in Sunny Weather: Tips to Prevent Dehydration In sunny, hot weather, babies lose more fluid than usual. This increases the risk of dehydration, and caution is essential. Ensuring babies are adequately hydrated, especially in hot weather, is crucial for their health. Frequent breastfeeding in breastfed babies: Breast milk is the ideal fluid source for the baby and should be increased in hot weather. Water supplementation for babies older than 6 months: Water consumption can be supplemented in addition to breast milk. Avoid staying outside for long periods of time: Reducing the time spent in hot environments prevents fluid loss. Recognize the signs of dehydration: If symptoms such as dry mouth, decreased urination, weakness, or extreme restlessness are noticed, immediate action should be taken. Baby Safety in the Car: Watch Out for UV Rays Coming from Windows! Exposure to UV rays from windows while traveling in a car poses a significant risk to babies' skin and eyes. Especially on sunny days, windshield and side windows don't block much of the UV rays, leaving babies vulnerable to sunburn and eye damage. Using UV-protective window films is one of the most effective solutions. These films significantly reduce the transmission of harmful rays. It is also beneficial to block direct sunlight for the baby using physical barriers such as blinds, curtains or net curtains. If possible, long journeys should be avoided, especially during midday hours, and parking the vehicle in shaded areas should be preferred. Vitamin D Synthesis and Sunlight Relationship in Babies: How to Establish the Right Balance? [7] Vitamin D is vital for babies' bone development and immune system. The body's most natural source of vitamin D is sunlight. However, due to babies' sensitive skin and the harmful effects of the sun, it's important to balance sun exposure appropriately. How Does Vitamin D Synthesis Occur? When the sun's UVB rays come into contact with a baby's exposed skin, vitamin D production in the skin is triggered. However, because babies' skin is thin and sensitive, prolonged direct sun exposure is not recommended. Generally, short periods (10-15 minutes) of sunlight on small areas like the face and hands are sufficient for vitamin D synthesis. Ways to Establish the Right Balance Avoid direct sun exposure during the first six months: Babies' skin is very sensitive during this period. Vitamin D supplements can be used under the supervision of a pediatrician. Short-term sun exposure: Especially in the early morning or late afternoon, exposed skin can be exposed to sunlight for 10-15 minutes. Use of sunscreen: After short-term exposure, baby skin should be protected with protective sunscreen for vitamin D synthesis. Pediatrician recommendation: In regions or seasons where there is not enough sun, vitamin D drops or supplements should be given with the advice of a doctor. Small but effective precautions for your baby's sensitive skin will both protect them from the harmful effects of the sun and lay the foundation for healthy skin development; remember, good protective habits begin in childhood. These are imposed on you, or your conscious choice. SOURCE 1. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) – “Sun Safety for Babies and Children” https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Sun-Safety.aspx 2. https://www.skincancer.org/blog/sun-safe-babies/#:~:text=Continue%20to%20cover%20your%20baby,he%20or%20she%20is%20sweating. 3. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/sunscreen-for-babies 4. https://www-childrens-com.translate.goog/health-wellness/a-guide-to-sun-protective-clothing-for-kids?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=tr&_x_tr_hl=tr&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_hist=true 5. https://www-childrens-com.translate.goog/health-wellness/a-guide-to-sun-protective-clothing-for-kids?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=tr&_x_tr_hl=tr&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_hist=true 6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sunburn/symptoms-causes/syc-20355922#:~:text=Sunburns%20in%20childhood%20and%20adolescence,%2C%20hands%2C%20legs%20and%20back. 7. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ 8. Skin Cancer Foundation – “Protecting Children from the Sun” https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection-for-kids/ 9. World Health Organization (WHO) – “Ultraviolet Radiation and the INTERSUN Programme” https://www.who.int/uv/faq/skincancer/en/index1.html
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Why Choose Mineral Sunscreen for Babies? A Detailed Guide from an Expert
Sunlight can cause permanent damage to babies' delicate skin. Therefore, choosing sunscreen isn't just a summer preparation measure for parents; it's also a health precaution. While there are many different products on the market, experts particularly recommend mineral (physical) sunscreens. Why? Babies' skin is five times thinner than adults', making them much more vulnerable to environmental factors. Care should be taken when choosing sunscreen for newborns. Harmful UV rays, in particular, can cause premature blemishes, irritation, and even skin problems that may develop later in life on sensitive baby skin. (1,3) Therefore, sun protection is essential not only in the summer months but throughout the year. So, how do you choose baby sunscreen? Mineral-based sunscreen options have become a top choice for parents in recent years. Thanks to their natural filters, they offer powerful protection without harming baby's skin. The best baby mineral sunscreen stands out with its simple ingredients and effective protection. In this article, we'll explain why mineral sunscreens are safer for baby skin, what features to consider, and how to use them correctly. What is Mineral Sunscreen and What Are Its Effects on Baby Skin? Babies' skin is much thinner and more sensitive than adults', so protecting it from the sun's harmful UV rays is crucial. Mineral sunscreens provide protection by creating a physical barrier on the skin's surface and, because they don't contain chemical filters, are more compatible with baby skin. These products reflect the sun's rays without directly affecting the skin, providing safe and effective protection. Key Ingredients of Mineral Sunscreens: Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide The question of what mineral sunscreen is is one of the most frequently asked questions by parents. Using sunscreen for babies during the summer is vital for skin health. When choosing a sunscreen for babies, the ingredient list should be carefully considered. Baby mineral sunscreen is among the products with natural ingredients developed specifically for sensitive skin. Mineral sunscreens have two main ingredients that provide effective protection: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Both minerals protect the skin from the sun's harmful effects by physically reflecting UV rays. Zinc oxide provides broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) protection and, although it can leave a white cast on the skin, has a very low risk of allergy. These properties make it a popular choice, especially for sensitive skin and in baby products. Titanium dioxide, on the other hand, is generally effective against UVB rays and, with its lighter texture, is easy to apply. Both ingredients are non-toxic, do not penetrate the skin, and are safe for use on babies. (2,3) How Do Mineral Filters Create a Protective Shield on the Skin's Surface? Mineral filters work like invisible armor by forming a thin layer on the skin. This layer directly reflects the sun's rays instead of absorbing them. This means UV rays are physically blocked before they reach the skin. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, the two main ingredients that serve this function, scatter the light and protect the DNA of skin cells from damage. Unlike chemical filters, they are compatible with babies' sensitive skin and are effective immediately because they do not penetrate the skin. Furthermore, because they are not absorbed into the skin, the risk of systemic side effects is minimized. This makes creams with mineral filters a safe and effective protective shield, especially for vulnerable skin like babies'. (2,3) The Superior Benefits of Mineral Sunscreens for Babies' Sensitive Skin Babies' delicate skin is more vulnerable to chemicals. Therefore, mineral-based sunscreens are a priority when choosing sunscreen. Mineral sunscreens stay on the skin's surface, creating a physical shield and minimizing the risk of allergies. Much gentler than chemical filters, these products provide safe and effective protection, especially for babies' sensitive and allergy-prone skin. Less Risk of Allergy and Irritation Compared to Chemical Filters Sunscreens with chemical filters can be irritating to baby skin, so mineral-based sunscreens are recommended. Mineral-filtered baby sunscreens offer a safe option by providing physical protection. Zinc oxide baby sunscreen formulas stand out for their allergy-reducing properties. Titanium dioxide is another frequently used mineral filter in baby products. (2,4) Sunscreens with chemical filters neutralize UV rays through a chemical reaction after they are absorbed by the skin. During this process, substances penetrating the skin can cause problems such as rash, itching, and allergic reactions, especially in babies. (4) Mineral sunscreens, on the other hand, physically reflect the rays, remaining entirely on the skin's surface. Because they contain no synthetic fragrances, parabens, or preservatives, the risk of irritation is much lower. Mineral filters offer a much safer choice, especially for babies with atopic dermatitis, eczema, or sensitive skin. (3) Furthermore, using baby sunscreen for sensitive skin in adults can also help prevent potential skin problems. (1,2) Takes Effect Immediately Upon Application: No Waiting Time! One of the biggest advantages of mineral sunscreens is that they provide protection immediately upon application. Chemical-filtered sunscreens typically require a 20-30 minute wait for their effects to kick in. However, mineral-based products create a physical barrier on the skin, thus protecting against UV rays as soon as they are applied. (1,2,3) This feature saves time, especially when going out with babies, and reduces the risk of sudden sun exposure. They can be applied immediately before going to the park, the beach, or a short walk, eliminating the need for additional preparation. Broad Spectrum Protection: Effectively Shields Against Both UVA and UVB Rays An ideal sunscreen for baby skin should protect not only against sunburn but also against long-term skin damage. Mineral sunscreens offer broad-spectrum protection against both UVA (aging and cell damage) and UVB (burning and redness) rays. (3) Mineral filters, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, physically block these two different types of UV rays. This protects babies' skin not only from short-term but also from long-term sun damage. This comprehensive protection is especially important during summer months when spending time outdoors. How to Choose the Ideal Mineral Sunscreen for Babies? Things to Consider Baby skin is highly vulnerable to external factors and requires special protection. Therefore, when choosing a sunscreen, attention should be paid not only to its level of protection but also to the safety of its ingredients. Products with mineral filters, free of additives, and dermatologically tested are the best choices for babies. Criteria such as broad spectrum, appropriate SPF values, and water resistance are key factors in determining a product's effectiveness and safety. What Should the SPF Value Be? Recommended Sun Protection Factor for Babies The SPF of a baby sunscreen is also important. SPF 30 and above is recommended for sunscreens used for babies. SPF 30 blocks approximately 97% of UVB rays, while SPF 50 blocks this figure up to 98%. Higher SPF doesn't always mean better; the key is to apply it regularly and in sufficient quantities. A product that offers UVA protection should also be chosen. It's crucial to check not only the SPF statement but also whether the product is broad-spectrum. (6) It's also important to remember that SPF alone isn't a sufficient indicator. Regardless of the product's high SPF, frequency of application is crucial. Sunscreen loses its effectiveness, especially when babies sweat, bathe, or towel dry. Therefore, it's important to reapply every 2-3 hours. Even with a high SPF, irregular application reduces its effectiveness. The Importance of "Broad Spectrum" and "Water Resistant" The term "broad spectrum" indicates that the product provides effective protection against UVA and UVB rays. This not only protects against sunburn but also against long-term skin damage. The term "water-resistant" indicates that the product maintains its effectiveness after sweating, swimming, or swimming. (3,6) Since babies are constantly on the move and may frequently come into contact with water, a water-resistant baby sunscreen offers a significant advantage. Some products only protect against UVB rays, while UVA rays can be ignored. However, UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and can cause long-term DNA damage. Therefore, the phrase "broad spectrum" on the product label indicates full protection against the entire spectrum. Formulas Free of Perfume, Parabens and Harmful Chemicals Baby sunscreen should be hypoallergenic and non-allergenic. Baby skin is extremely sensitive to external factors and is likely to react to chemical ingredients. Baby sunscreen should be free of harmful substances and should be free of ingredients such as parabens, alcohol, and dyes. Therefore, formulas that do not contain perfumes, parabens, alcohol, sulfates, or colorants should be preferred. These additives can cause irritation, allergies, and weaken the skin barrier in the long term. (4,5) Products that say "dermatologically tested" or "hypoallergenic" on the label are generally safer. Dermatologically tested products that are compatible with baby skin do not pose a risk of systemic absorption and are considered safe. (5) Fragrance-free baby sunscreen is more suitable for babies with sensitive skin. Natural sunscreen for babies offers safety with additive-free formulas. However, even if some products carry labels like "natural" or "organic," the ingredient list should be carefully examined. Baby products should opt for simple formulas with minimal ingredients, and the product should be documented to have undergone reliable dermatological testing. An effective sunscreen should not only be free of harmful substances but also strengthen the skin's barrier and support moisture balance. Mineral sunscreens provide both safe and effective protection for babies' delicate skin. The benefits of mineral sunscreens for babies include a low risk of allergies and immediate effectiveness. Thanks to their natural ingredients, they minimize the risk of allergies, take effect immediately upon application, and create a physical shield against the sun's harmful rays. Choosing the right product with its SPF value, broad-spectrum properties, water resistance, and chemical-free formula is one of the most important skin health investments parents can make. Remember, the earlier you start sun protection, the greater the long-term benefits. By choosing the right product and using it regularly, you can take a strong step toward healthy skin development for your baby. We, at Multikozmetik, share the care you show for your baby's skin. We remain committed to offering the best products for babies' delicate skin. Skin care requires great care not only for adults but also for babies. Our greatest concern is the naturalness and safety of our ingredients. To ensure every parent has peace of mind, we dermatologically test our products and consider the needs of their skin at every step. A healthy future begins with good care habits. SOURCE 1. Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Wang, S.Q., Balagula, Y., & Osterwalder, U. (2010). Photoprotection: A Review of the Current and Future Technologies. Dermatologic Therapy, 23(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01286.x 3. Lautenschlager, S., Wulf, H.C., & Pittelkow, M.R. (2007). Photoprotection. The Lancet, 370(9586), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60638-2 4. Nedorost, S. T. (2013). Allergic contact dermatitis to sunscreen: Diagnosis and management. Dermatologic Clinics, 31(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2013.06.009 5. Aghaei, S., Moradi, S., & Talebi, A. (2016). Evaluation of Sunscreen Safety in Pediatric Population. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 19(1), 1–6. 6. Burnett, M. E., & Wang, S. Q. (2011). Current sunscreen controversies: A critical review. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 27(2), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x 7. Ferguson, J., & Dover, J. S. (2013). Photodamage and Photoprotection. Springer.
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What is SPF? A Comprehensive Guide to Choosing and Using Sunscreen
The concept of SPF has become increasingly important in our lives with the increasing popularity of sunscreens. What do the different SPF numbers on sunscreens mean? Should we buy the sunscreen with the highest SPF? What else should we consider when choosing sunscreen? This article answers these questions. It also serves as an informative and comprehensive guide to choosing sunscreen. What is SPF (Sun Protection Factor) and How Does It Protect Our Skin? SPF is short for Sun Protection Factor. SPF is a measure of a sunscreen's ability to protect against the sun. This factor is calculated by dividing the UV energy required to produce the minimum erythema dose (MED) on sunscreen-applied skin by the UV energy required to produce the MED on unprotected skin. MED is the minimum amount of UV radiation that will produce erythema (a sunburn or reddening caused by blocked capillaries) on an individual's skin within a few hours of exposure. More simply, it describes how much later it takes for sunscreen-applied skin to develop redness compared to unapplied skin[1][2]. Sunscreens prevent UV rays from damaging the skin through two different mechanisms. The first is to create a physical barrier; these products are often called "mineral sunscreens" because they contain minerals like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. These minerals protect the skin by reflecting UV rays like a mirror. The other method is through chemical filters. Chemical sunscreens absorb UV rays before they reach the skin, forming a thin film on the skin surface[3]. What Do SPF Values (15, 30, 50+) Mean? Which One Should You Choose? The SPF value indicates how much UV rays a sunscreen can filter. As SPF values increase, the UV dose reaching the skin decreases accordingly. There are some misconceptions about SPF values. One of these is that SPF 50+ is not twice as effective as SPF 30. This is because SPF 30 sunscreens absorb 96.7% of UV rays, while SPF 50+ sunscreens absorb 98.3%. Considering these ratios, there doesn't seem to be much difference between them. In terms of the amount of UV reaching the skin, someone using SPF 30 is exposed to approximately twice as much UV rays as someone using SPF 50+. To make these numbers more meaningful, an example can be given: When applying an SPF 30 sunscreen, sunburn occurs approximately twice as late as when using an SPF 15 product. These times, of course, vary from person to person [4]. Additionally, certain factors should be considered when choosing sunscreen. If you're going to be in contact with water, you should choose a water-resistant sunscreen. Alternatively, if you're spending extended periods outdoors and are in frequent sun exposure, using SPF 50+ would be more beneficial. When choosing sunscreen, it's essential to consider your skin type. For those with sensitive skin, it's recommended to choose SPF 50+ sunscreen products, even for short-term sun exposure[5]. UVA, UVB, and Broad Spectrum Protection: Why It's Important for Your Skin Health The harmful effects of sunlight are mostly caused by the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV rays are divided into three groups based on their wavelengths: UVA rays in the 320-400 nm range, UVB rays between 290-320 nm, and UVC rays with wavelengths between 200-290 nm. Not all UV rays from the sun reach the Earth. UVC is blocked by the atmosphere, while UVA and UVB can reach the Earth. Some UVB is filtered by the ozone layer. Although the unfiltered portion cannot penetrate the lower layers of the skin, it damages the epidermis and the surface of the dermis. UVB is also responsible for sunburn and redness. UVA, on the other hand, can reach the deeper layers of the dermis and is more damaging to the skin[1][6]. UV radiation is a mutagenic agent. Therefore, long-term exposure to sunlight has been shown to be associated with the development of skin cancer and erythema [6]. This damage is caused by both UVA and UVB. Choosing broad-spectrum sunscreens that provide both UVA and UVB protection provides more comprehensive protection. Additionally, multicosmetic products such as moisturizers, creams, lotions, and foams containing sunscreen ingredients are now available. Regular use of these products can help reduce the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation[1]. What are the Vital Benefits of Using Sunscreen for Skin Health? Our skin is exposed to various environmental factors throughout the day, including solar radiation. These factors can lead to sunburn, dyschromia, premature aging, and skin cancer. Certain precautions can be taken to protect against these negative effects, such as staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing, or sunglasses. [7] One of the most effective ways to reduce the harmful effects of the sun is to use sunscreen. Broad-spectrum sunscreens (protecting against both UVB and UVA rays) provide greater protection. The primary purpose of sunscreen is to protect the skin from UV rays, but it also needs to be safe for the skin. They should not cause allergies or sensitivities. Therefore, it's important that the sunscreen you use is a skin-friendly skincare product . The Most Effective Shield Against Sunburns, Skin Blemishes and Premature Aging Spending time in the sun has positive emotional and physical effects. However, during this time, we are also exposed to UV rays. In the long term, these rays cause biological effects such as premature aging, suppression of the immune system, carcinomas (a type of cancer in the skin or organ tissue), and melanoma (uneven skin color).[1][7]. UV rays damage DNA when they reach deep into the dermis. This causes photoaging, which manifests as wrinkles and sagging skin. Photoprotective agents in sunscreens increase resistance to UV and minimize potential damage. With this effect, sunscreens can prevent premature aging caused by harmful sun rays[8]. To protect yourself from the sun's general harmful effects, it's important to avoid excessive UV exposure. This can be achieved by staying in the shade, wearing sunglasses, and applying sunscreen. This will help prevent sunburns and spots. Sunscreen is even more crucial during the summer months, when we're exposed to more sunlight. Avoiding exposure to the sun, especially between 11:00 AM and 4:00 PM, when the sun's rays are most intense and damaging, is crucial for maintaining skin health. The Role of Sunscreen in Reducing Skin Cancer Risk According to data from the World Health Organization, skin cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2022. UV radiation is one of the most important factors in the development of skin cancer. UVA and UVB rays that reach the skin are responsible for cancer development. These rays damage cells and induce cancer by damaging DNA [9][10]. Sunscreen protects against skin cancer by blocking UV rays from reaching the skin. This was confirmed in a study conducted on mice. In mice treated with sunscreen, the risk of developing the p53 mutation, which is associated with cancer, was almost completely eliminated. Therefore, sunscreen use is an important component of skin cancer prevention [11]. Proper sunscreen use is also important for skin cancer prevention. The Skin Cancer Federation (SCAN) recommends applying sunscreen as follows: Regardless of the SPF, sunscreen should be applied 30 minutes before going outside and reapplied every two hours. It should be reapplied immediately after swimming or contact with water. The recommended amount of sunscreen is 28 grams, or approximately two tablespoons[5]. As a result, UVA and UVB rays from the sun can reach the lower layers of the dermis and cause redness, blemishes, and skin cancer. Sunscreens largely block these UV rays from reaching the skin. Furthermore, sunscreens that provide both UVA and UVB protection provide more comprehensive protection. Another factor to consider when choosing a sunscreen is its SPF value. A higher SPF value provides longer-lasting protection. For sensitive skin and those who will spend a lot of time in the sun, SPF 50+ sunscreens are recommended[1][4]. Source [1] Dutra, Elizângela & Oliveira, Daniella & Kedor-Hackmann, Erika & Santoro, Maria. (2004). Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo - REV BRAS CIENC SOLO. 40. 10.1590/S1516-93322004000300014. [2] Heckman CJ, Chandler R, Kloss JD, Benson A, Rooney D, Munshi T, Darlow SD, Perlis C, Manne SL, Oslin DW. Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) testing. J Vis Exp. 2013 May 28;(75):e50175. doi: 10.3791/50175. PMID: 23748556; PMCID: PMC3734971. [3] MD Anderson Cancer Center. (n.d.). How does sunscreen work? Understanding UV protection. https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/how-does-sunscreen-work.h00-159698334.html [Accessed: May 21, 2025] [4] Osterwalder, U., & Herzog, B. (2009). Sun protection factors: world wide confusion. The British journal of dermatology, 161 Suppl 3, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09506.x [5] “Ask the Expert: Does a High SPF Protect My Skin Better?” The Skin Cancer Foundation, [Accessed: 21 May 2025] [6] Yang, J. W., Fan, G. B., Tan, F., Kong, H. M., Liu, Q., Zou, Y., & Tan, Y. M. (2023). The role and safety of UVA and UVB in UV-induced skin erythema. Frontiers in medicine, 10, 1163697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1163697 [7] Flavia Alvim Sant'anna Addor, Carlos Baptista Barcaui, Elimar Elias Gomes, Omar Lupi, Carolina Reato Marçon, Hélio Amante Miot, Sunscreen lotions in the dermatological prescription: review of concepts and controversies, Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, Volume 97, Issue 2,(2022) ,Pages 204-222, [8] Latha, MS, Martis, J., Shobha, V., Sham Shinde, R., Bangera, S., Krishnankutty, B., Bellary, S., Varughese, S., Rao, P., & Naveen Kumar, BR (2013). Sunscreening agents: a review. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 6(1), 16–26. [9] International Agency for Research on Cancer. (n.d.). skin cancer World Health Organisation. Retrieved May 22, 2025, from https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/skin-cancer/ [10] Hasan, N., Nadaf, A., Imran, M., Jiba, U., Sheikh, A., Almalki, WH, Almujri, SS, Mohammed, YH, Kesharwani, P., & Ahmad, F. J. (2023). Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches. Molecular cancer, 22(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01854-3 [11] Lee, J. W., Ratnakumar, K., Hung, K. F., Rokunohe, D., & Kawasumi, M. (2020). Deciphering UV-induced DNA Damage Responses to Prevent and Treat Skin Cancer. Photochemistry and photobiology, 96(3), 478–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13245
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What is Retinol? Its Use in Cosmetics and Limitations to Know
Our skin is our largest organ and serves as an important barrier between the internal organs and the external microbial world through various immune defense strategies (1,2). This barrier is known to be damaged by many internal and external factors. Sun exposure can cause blemishes, wrinkles with age, and acne due to hormones. People have tried various skincare products for centuries to minimize these changes and achieve healthier skin. In this article, I'd like to talk about one of these ingredients, retinol. Retinol is actually a member of the retinoid family, also known as vitamin A. The vitamin A family includes retinoic acid, retinoic acid esters, retinol esters, retinaldehyde, and retinol, and members of this family are widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Some members of this family are available with a prescription abroad, while others are available over-the-counter. Retinol is the milder member and is more commonly used in dermocosmetic products (3-5). In cosmetic products, retinol is frequently used for anti-aging and acne relief because it can improve skin texture, reduce wrinkles and acne, and promote cell renewal in the skin and the production of chemicals that affect skin firmness, such as collagen and elastin (6,7). What are the Importance and Benefits of Using Retinol in Skin Care? Retinol is a skin care compound that has become increasingly common in cosmetic formulations in recent years. Recent market trends indicate that consumers are increasingly expecting more effective products to enhance beauty and improve skin condition. Both the dermatological community and the cosmetics industry are working to address functional issues, improve skin appearance, and meet consumer expectations through well-designed formulations and products (8). So let's briefly look at the benefits of retinol. Retinol is used to address the effects of aging due to its anti-aging properties. It supports collagen and cell renewal, helping to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin. Retinol can help clear skin pores, reduce inflammation, and prevent acne, making it an effective compound for acne-prone skin. Finally, retinol promotes the shedding of dead skin cells and the formation of new ones, improving skin texture, evening out skin tone, and improving overall skin radiance (9) In one of the clinical studies, when retinol products were used regularly at a concentration of 0.1%, in addition to their anti-wrinkle effects, improvements were observed in skin texture, elasticity, firmness, pores, brightness and moisture of the skin layer (8). Retinol Concentration in Cosmetic Products: How Safe Is It? Despite its powerful anti-aging properties, retinol is unstable, sensitive to light and oxygen, and irritating, making the development of safe and effective retinol formulations urgently needed.(10) Of course, attention must also be paid to the concentration of retinol in the formulations developed. Safety concerns have arisen regarding the use of retinol due to the potential for public exposure to vitamin A to exceed the upper intake level established by the European Food Safety Authority. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has stated that vitamin A use in cosmetics is safe and that vitamin A additives from cosmetic products may be a concern for consumers whose exposure to vitamin A is highest from foods and supplements. The European Union has revised the limits for the use of vitamin A derivatives such as retinol, retinyl acetate, and retinyl palmitate in cosmetics. Safe concentrations of retinol equivalents are limited to 0.05% in body lotions and 0.3% in other leave-on and rinse-off products (sunscreens, anti-wrinkle creams, eye creams, etc.). Furthermore, labels on products containing vitamin A are now required to warn consumers about their daily vitamin A intake. From 1 November 2025, cosmetic products containing these substances and not complying with the conditions will not be allowed on the EU market and from 1 May 2027 they will not be allowed on the market(11). 5 Important Points to Consider When Using Retinol-Containing Products Like many chemicals, retinol requires careful consideration when using it. While retinol is an easy-to-use and effective ingredient, careless use can lead to undesirable skin problems. Therefore, we'd like to share some important points to consider when using retinol-containing products. First, you need to understand your skin. If you have sensitive or atopic skin, the concentration you use will vary. To find the product and concentration that best suits your skin needs, you need to be patient and start with the lowest concentration products. You should start with a low concentration, using it once or twice a week. As your skin adapts, you can increase the frequency of use before increasing the concentration and monitoring your progress. Don't forget to moisturize your skin when using this product. You might want to try Remedium SOS Repairing Care Cream . You should use the products at night and be sure to use high protection sunscreen in the morning. Since you have not used it before, you should monitor your skin closely, not use it at the same time as other irritating products, and in case of extreme irritation, stop using it and see a doctor. Using products containing retinol in this way reduces skin irritation and provides effective results (12). Retinol Alternatives and Natural Solutions for Sensitive Skin Retinol can cause some undesirable side effects, especially for people with sensitive skin. Skin irritation is the primary concern. Even when used sparingly or in high doses, retinol can cause redness, irritation, and even peeling in people with sensitive skin. This also includes increased sun sensitivity. If you frequently use a highly concentrated retinol product, even if you don't have sensitive skin, this type of use can still cause the same issues. Fortunately, there are several alternatives to retinol that offer similar benefits without the unwanted side effects. If you've tried retinol but found it too harsh, here are a few retinol alternatives for sensitive skin: 1. Bakuchiol Derived from the seeds of the babchi plant (Psoralea corylifolia), bakuchiol has gained popularity as a natural alternative to retinol. With the rise and popularity of clean skincare, bakuchiol works similarly to retinol by stimulating collagen production and promoting cell renewal, but without the associated irritation. Bakuchiol is gentle on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. 2. Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) AHAs, such as glycolic acid and lactic acid, are chemical exfoliants that dissolve the bonds between dead skin cells to reveal smoother, more radiant skin underneath. They help improve skin texture, fade dark spots, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles(9). Clinical evidence of the effectiveness of AHA-containing products has shown that they can be effective for mild acne or acne-prone skin and aging skin, especially photoaged skin(13). AHAs are less irritating than retinol and can be found in cleansers, toners, and serums. 3. Vitamin C Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps brighten skin, reduce dark spots, and protect against environmental damage. It supports collagen synthesis and improves skin radiance. Vitamin C is well-tolerated by most skin types and can be found in serums and creams. 4. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Niacinamide is a versatile ingredient that helps regulate oil production, shrink pores, and strengthen the skin barrier. It can improve uneven skin tone, reduce redness, and soothe inflammation. Niacinamide is non-irritating and well-tolerated by sensitive skin (9). 5. Azelaic Acid Topical application of azelaic acid is well tolerated, and side effects are generally limited to mild and transient local irritation. Therefore, topical azelaic acid, used alone or in combination with other chemicals, has been shown to be valuable in treating a variety of hyperpigmented disorders, including acne and, most notably, melasma (14). Common Mistakes in Retinol Use and Solutions Common mistakes when using retinol include starting with a high dose and using it more frequently than recommended for new products. Avoiding moisturizers and high-protection sunscreens when using products like retinol that can irritate the skin. Using the product during the day rather than at night, and combining it with products that shouldn't be used together, among other common mistakes. In such cases, retinol can irritate the skin and cause sensitivity. Solutions for these mistakes include starting with low-concentration retinol products and using them once or twice a week. Don't neglect moisturizing and high-protection sunscreens, and using the products at night. It's important to be aware that it takes at least two weeks of use to see results, and to be patient. If you observe skin sensitivity and irritation despite following all these precautions, it's best to stop using the product and consult a dermatologist (12). Retinol and Other Active Ingredients: Which Products Shouldn't They Be Used With? Because retinol can increase skin sensitivity and sun sensitivity, it's not recommended to use it alongside other sensitizing chemicals. Here's a list of active ingredients that shouldn't be used with retinol. As an alternative to retinol, any alpha hydroxy acid or azaleic acid, as mentioned earlier, should not be used simultaneously with retinol. Because these chemicals work in a similar way to retinol, using them together will irritate the skin more. Furthermore, salicylic acid, often used for acne treatment, should not be used with retinol. Not only salicylic acid, but also other beta hydroxy acid compounds should not be used simultaneously with retinol. Furthermore, topical application of retinol and vitamin C has been shown to at least partially reverse skin changes caused by both chronological and photoaging (15). Because vitamin C protects the skin from environmental aggressors while retinol repairs and rebuilds, they are best used at opposite times of the day (16). Furthermore, niacinamide is a mild ingredient that does not cause skin irritation, so using it with retinol is not a problem. SOURCE 1. Gallo R.L. (2017). Human Skin Is the Largest Epithelial Surface for Interaction with Microbes. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 137(6), 1213–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.045. 2. Harris, TA, Gattu, S., Propheter, DC, Kuang, Z., Bel, S., Ruhn, KA, Chara, AL, Edwards, M., Zhang, C., Jo, JH, Raj, P., Zouboulis, CC, Kong, HH, Segre, JA, & Hooper, LV (2019). Resistin-like Molecule α Provides Vitamin-A-Dependent Antimicrobial Protection in the Skin. Cell host & microbe, 25(6), 777–788.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.004. 3. Temova Rakuša Ž, Škufca P, Kristl A, Roškar R. Quality control of retinoids in commercial cosmetic products. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20:1166–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13686 4. Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Wei, Y., Cai, X., Li, Z., Wu, Q., Zhang, X., Deng, C., Shu, P., & Xiang, Q. (2024). Retinol semisolid preparations in cosmetics: transcutaneous permeation mechanism and behavior. Scientific reports, 14(1), 22793. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73240-y 5. Krombholz, R., Fressle, S., & Lunter, D.(2022). Ex vivo—In vivo correlation of retinol stratum corneum penetration studies by confocal Raman microspectroscopy and tape stripping. Int J Cosmet Sci. 44:299–308. doi:10.1111/ics.12775. 6. Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Wei, Y. et al. Retinol semisolid preparations in cosmetics: transcutaneous permeation mechanism and behavior. Sci Rep 14, 22793 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73240-y. 7. Spierings NMK (2021). Evidence for the Efficacy of Over-the-counter Vitamin A Cosmetic Products in the Improvement of Facial Skin Aging: A Systematic Review. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 14(9), 33–40. 8. Ye, Y., Li, Y., Xu, C., & Wei, X. (2023). Improvement of mild photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Chinese females by a supramolecular retinol plus acetyl hexapeptide-1 containing essence. Skin health and disease, 3(4), e239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ski2.239 9. Mamelak, A. (2024). Can't Tolerate Retinol? Try These 6 Great Alternatives. Westlake Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery Website. https://www.westlakedermatology.com/blog/retinol-alternatives/, 16.03.2025. 10. Pandey, A. in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Multidimensional Drug Delivery System. 249–295 (2020). 11. SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), revision of the scientific Opinion (SCCS/1576/16) on vitamin A (Retinol, Retinyl Acetate, Retinyl Palmitate), preliminary version of 10 December 2021, final version of 24-25 October 2022, SCCS/1639/21. 12. ?. (2021). Tips About Retinol: How to Maximize Its Skin Benefits and Effects. Korendy Website. https://www.korendy.com.tr/blogs/korendy-blog/retinol-hakkinda-i%CC%87puclari-cilde-faydalari-ve-etkilerini-en-ust-duzeye-cikarma, 16.03.2025. 13. Babilas, P., Knie, U. and Abels, C. (2012), Cosmetic and dermatologic use of alpha hydroxy acids. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 10: 488-491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.07939.x 14. Fitton, A., & Goa, K. L. (1991). Azelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders. Drugs, 41(5), 780–798. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199141050-00007 15. Seité S., Bredoux C., Compan D., Zucchi H., Lombard D., Medaisko C., Fourtanier A. Histological evaluation of a topically applied retinol-vitamin C combination. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2005;18:81–87. doi: 10.1159/000083708. 16. Migala, J. (2025). 6 Skin-Care Ingredient Combinations That Don't Mix. Everyday Health Website. https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/skin-care-ingredient-combinations-that-dont-mix/, 16.03.2025.
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Pinworms and Intestinal Parasites in Children: Symptoms and Natural Treatment Methods
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism and provides no benefit to the host, usually causing harm. However, in common medical usage, the term 'parasite' is used to refer to protozoa, helminths, or insects rather than bacteria or viruses. [1] We know from observation that pinworms cause problems in children such as weight gain, insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, or waking up or waking up. Observational findings that raise suspicion include itching around the anus, discharge from the mouth, especially brown water, itching at the base of the nose and eyes, a constant urge to rub, and a tendency to bite. Symptoms and Effects of Pinworms in Children Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) are intestinal parasites, particularly common in children. The most common symptoms include increased anal itching at night, restless sleep, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and the appearance of small white worms in the stool. The infection can spread easily through autoinfection and poor hygiene, which can negatively impact academic performance and social life. During the treatment process, all family members should take medication and maintain good hygiene practices. [2] Parasites and Psychological Effects: The Relationship During the Full Moon Period Intestinal parasites can have not only physical but also psychological effects on the body, causing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbances, and attention deficit disorder. Some research suggests that parasite activity increases during full moon periods, and that symptoms in infected individuals may be exacerbated during this period. Changes in melatonin levels and sleep disturbances can lead to mood swings and strain on relationships. Intestinal health and regular parasite cleansing can positively impact both psychological balance and social relationships. Effective Antiparasitic Folk Remedies That Can Be Applied at Home The use of garlic for vaginal infections and parasitic problems is a common practice in folk medicine, especially in Europe. In this method, garlic is not applied directly, but rather is applied anally, wrapped in gauze. This gauze wrap prevents the garlic from coming into direct contact with the mucosa, minimizing potential irritation and burning. This practice is thought to be particularly beneficial in cases where persistent vaginal infections are linked to parasites. However, it's crucial to always wrap the garlic in gauze before use. For more controlled use, the garlic wrapped in gauze should be shaped like a tampon, leaving a portion of the string exposed. This will make it easier to remove after use and help prevent potential discomfort. Although this method is widely used among the public, it is not a medically proven treatment method that is safe in all cases. Therefore, if such a procedure is considered, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional beforehand. [3] OR In our eastern regions, red pepper and garlic form the basis of a culinary culture where a meat-based diet is common. This is because both foods provide natural protection against parasites. Red pepper, thanks to its capsaicin content, kills intestinal parasites and speeds digestion. Garlic, with its allicin compound, acts as a powerful natural antibiotic, preventing parasite proliferation. This traditional dietary habit not only provides flavor but also protects digestive health. [4] OR It is also a habit to chew cloves after kebab meals, and here too we see that the antiparasitic effect of cloves, whether consumed as tea or chewed, is effective in killing parasites and destroying their eggs due to the volatile oils it contains. [5] Wormwood, when consumed as a tea, may be effective against some parasites, but it can be toxic in high doses and can have negative effects on the liver and kidneys. If treatment with parasites like roundworms isn't effective, wormwood may be an alternative, but a healthcare professional should always be consulted before use. Garlic Applications and Its Role in Parasite Treatment Garlic has antibacterial and antiparasitic properties and may be effective against infections such as intestinal parasites and roundworms. The compound allicin can inhibit parasite proliferation and strengthen the immune system. Garlic can be consumed raw, in oil, or in capsule form, but high doses can cause stomach upset and other side effects. It's important to consult a doctor before using garlic. [6] Lemon Seed-Honey Mixture: A Suitable Parasite Medicine for Children Lemon seeds and honey are two ingredients known for their natural antiparasitic properties and are considered a gentler and safer alternative treatment, especially for children. Thanks to the natural compounds in lemon seeds, they can help eliminate parasites from the digestive system by preventing them from attaching to the intestines. Honey, on the other hand, can protect the digestive system with its antibacterial and immune-supporting properties, alleviating parasite-related discomfort. Since everything starts anew once the parasite larvae hatch, it is recommended to peel the peeled lemon seeds (5 lemon seeds) and mix them with 1 teaspoon of honey regularly for two months. This is a very effective antiparasitic and easy-to-drink remedy for children. Plants with Antiparasitic Effects and Their Proper Use Herbs such as garlic, wormwood, pumpkin seeds, cloves, ginger, turmeric, coconut oil, and apple cider vinegar can be effective in naturally combating intestinal parasites. Garlic and wormwood help kill parasites, while pumpkin seeds paralyze them, allowing them to be expelled. Cloves destroy parasite eggs, preventing reinfection. Ginger and turmeric support digestion, while coconut oil protects intestinal flora and prevents parasite proliferation. Apple cider vinegar regulates intestinal pH, making it difficult for parasites to survive. These herbal remedies should be used consciously and in moderation, and children and those with chronic illnesses should consume them under the supervision of a doctor. Pumpkin seeds, the most well-known phytotherapeutic agents, are used to combat intestinal parasites, especially tapeworms. They can be eaten raw or consumed as tea. How they work: pumpkin seeds contain a compound called cucurbitin, which helps paralyze parasites and expel them from the intestines. [7,8] Pumpkin Seeds and Cloves: Powerful Antiparasitic Agents Pumpkin seeds and cloves are plants with strong natural antiparasitic properties. Pumpkin seeds, thanks to the compound cucurbitin, inhibit the movement of parasites, helping them be expelled from the intestines. They also have anti-inflammatory effects. Cloves, with their eugenol compound, kill parasites, prevent their proliferation, and exhibit antimicrobial properties. Both support digestion and strengthen the immune system. However, they should be used with caution and consult a healthcare professional, as high doses can cause side effects. [9,10] Walnut Shell Extracts and Their Antiparasitic Properties Consuming black walnut shells as a liquid extract is also a widely used method in Russia and the Eastern Bloc. This is because the juglone compound it contains can eliminate parasites and other intestinal pathogens. Green walnut shells, however, offer a more potent effect. Using an oral care product containing ingredients such as papaya extract (due to the papain enzyme it contains) and grape seed, which offers a multi-faceted , multi-cosmetic effect, can be quite beneficial in this regard. Fighting Parasites with Alternative Treatment Methods Alternative treatments include herbal solutions, a balanced diet, natural supplements, and detox methods, which can be effective in combating parasites. Plants such as garlic, wormwood, pumpkin seeds, and cloves are known for their parasite-killing effects. Fermented foods and fiber-rich foods support intestinal health, while avoiding sugar and processed foods can prevent parasite proliferation. Natural supplements such as coconut oil, apple cider vinegar, ginger, and turmeric support bowel cleansing. Detoxes and intermittent fasting can help flush parasites from the body by resting the digestive system. [12] IMPORTANT NOTE: The information shared above is not health advice. It is for informational purposes only. It is recommended that you consult your doctor or pharmacist before using any of these products. Source 1. Chifunda K, Kelly P. Parasitic infections of the gut in children. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2019 Feb;39(1):65-72. doi: 10.1080/20469047.2018.1479055. Epub 2018 Aug 22. PMID: 30132736. 2. Ozcel MA, Ozbel Y, Ak M. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. Meta Publishing, Izmir; 2007. 3. Cortés A, García-Ferrús M, Sotillo J, Guillermo Esteban J, Toledo R, Muñoz-Antolí C. Effects of dietary intake of garlic on intestinal trematodes. Parasitol Res. 2017 Aug;116(8):2119-2129. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5511-1. Epub 2017 May 23. PMID: 28536879. 4. Satheesh, N., & Mujeeburahiman, M. (2020). Antiparasitic properties of capsaicin in the human gut microbiome. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 249, 112-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112350 5. Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of Syzygium aromaticum. J Med Microbiol. 2014 Jan;63(Pt 1):74-85. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.064709-0. Epub 2013 Oct 25. PMID: 24161990. 6. Liu, Q., & Chen, J. (2012). The effects of garlic on intestinal parasites: A review. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15(7), 602-607. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.0229 7. Dotto, J. M., & Chacha, J. S. (2020). The potential of pumpkin seeds as a functional food ingredient: A review. Scientific African, 10, e00575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00575 8. Li T, Ito A, Chen X, Long C, Okamoto M, Raoul F, Giraudoux P, Yanagida T, Nakao M, Sako Y, Xiao N, Craig PS. Usefulness of pumpkin seeds combined with areca nut extract in community-based treatment of human taeniasis in northwestern Sichuan Province, China. Acta Trop. 2012 Nov;124(2):152-7. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Aug 11. PMID: 22910218. 9. Khan, A., Iqbal, Z., & Muhammad, G. (2006). Anthelmintic activity of pumpkin seeds against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Journal of Medicinal Food, 9(2), 125-129. 10. Khan, MA, et al. (2016). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its potential applications in medicine and antimicrobial therapy: A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 62-71. 11. Okeniyi JA, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA, Adeyemi LA. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot study. J MedFood. 2007 Mar;10(1):194-6. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2005.065. PMID: 17472487. 12. Irum, S., Khan, M.A., & Perveen, T. (2020). Anthelmintic potential of medicinal plants against gastrointestinal parasites – A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 249, 112399. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112399]
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Cosmeceutical Use During Pregnancy and Lactation: Safety and Efficacy
What are Cosmeceuticals? Definitions and Legal Regulations The FDA defines cosmetic products as "preparations, and the substances used to prepare them, that are applied to the body or any part of the body by pouring, sprinkling, rubbing, or applying in any other way, for the purpose of cleansing, beautifying, enhancing the attractiveness, or altering the appearance." Cosmeceuticals, on the other hand, are substances that may contain plants or plant extracts that affect physiological processes when applied to the skin [1]. They can be considered an intermediate between a drug and a cosmetic product. When examining the legal regulations regarding cosmeceuticals, the FDA does not classify cosmeceutical products as drugs. These products can be manufactured and sold over the counter without any inspection, testing, or approval, provided their contents are stated on the label [2]. The German Commission E is a commission that reviews studies on plants and evaluates their safety and efficacy. Monographs published by this commission include information on whether cosmeceuticals have been approved, their use, indications, side effects, interactions with other drugs or cosmeceuticals, and use during pregnancy and lactation [3]. Another source, the EMEA (European Medicines Agency), has prepared monographs examining scientific studies on plants, assessing their safety and efficacy profiles. These monographs also contain information on cosmeceuticals, similar to Commission E [4]. Prevalence and Reasons for Cosmeceutical Use During Pregnancy Today, the prevalence of cosmeceutical use during pregnancy is increasing. Pregnant and breastfeeding women prefer to use cosmeceutical products due to health problems such as chloasma, striae gravidarum, acne vulgaris, xerosis, palmar erythema, hirsutism, and postpartum telogen effluvium [5]. A study among 400 pregnant women found that 144 used cosmeceutical products, each averaging 1.7 products. They are more likely to choose cosmeceutical products they consider safe to manage dermatological problems encountered during pregnancy. However, it has been found that these cosmeceutical products are often used on the recommendation of friends or family, and there is a lack of information regarding their safety [6]. To address this lack of knowledge, patients should be informed by healthcare professionals, ensuring that they choose safe cosmeceutical products during pregnancy. Pregnancy and breastfeeding are special periods in a woman's life, when the body undergoes numerous physiological changes and sensitivities become more pronounced. Therefore, the composition of the products used during these periods is of great importance. Therefore, the selection of cosmeceutical products is a matter of particular importance for both health and aesthetic reasons, both during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Skin care during breastfeeding requires extra care, as it not only supports the mother's skin health but also considers the baby's. Furthermore, the safety of skin care products during pregnancy requires that the ingredients of the cosmeceuticals used during this period be healthy and reliable. Because cosmeceutical products offer therapeutic properties beyond skin care, improper use can lead to undesirable effects. In this article, we will address frequently asked questions about the safety and effectiveness of cosmeceuticals during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Myths and Facts About Cosmeceuticals There are common myths about cosmeceuticals, and this misinformation prevents pregnant and breastfeeding women from choosing safe and effective products. The most common of these myths is the belief that natural ingredients are always safe. Using a natural substance for many years doesn't necessarily mean it's safe for both mother and baby. Furthermore, products made from plants and plant extracts are not approved by the FDA. It's also important to consider the availability of products without a prescription. If a product causes harm to the user, it's considered unsafe. The “Natural Is Safe” Misconception and the Reality One of the myths surrounding cosmeceutical products is the misconception that "natural is safe." Many plants exist in nature, but some are quite poisonous. These harmful plants can have numerous side effects or even cause allergic reactions. While natural cosmetics may appear safe during pregnancy, it's important to remember that not every ingredient is harmless. It's important to choose products that have been proven to contain effective and safe ingredients [5], [7], [8]. Cosmeceuticals and Drug Interactions Most people believe that using medications and cosmeceuticals together is harmless. Routine medications should not be used with herbs or plant extracts. These herbs and plant extracts can increase or decrease the absorption of the medication. This can lead to changes in the drug's blood concentration. Because cosmeceutical drug interactions, particularly when used with skin treatment products and systemic medications, can lead to undesirable side effects, it is crucial to seek support from a healthcare professional [5], [7]. Cosmeceuticals Used for Common Dermatological Problems During Pregnancy During pregnancy, the mother undergoes several physiological and pathological changes to ensure normal fetal growth and development. Common physiological changes include linea nigra, fibroepithelial polyps, striae gravidarum, palmar erythema, and pruritis gravidarum. Pathological changes are known as pregnancy-specific dermatoses (PSDs). PCDs are classified based on skin characteristics, immunopathology, histopathology, and timing within pregnancy. PCDs are known as atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP), polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and pemphigoid gestationis (PG) [9]. Chloasma, striae gravidarum, and acne vulgaris are frequently observed among the dermatological problems encountered during pregnancy. Cosmeceutical products containing Vitis vinifera (Grape Seed) extract, Pinus pinaster (French Maritime Pine) extract, Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) extract, cocoa butter, olive oil, Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil), tannin, and Vitex agnus castus (Chasteberry) extract are widely used in these physiological changes [5]. Grape Seed and French Maritime Pine Extracts for the Treatment of Chloasma Chloasma is a skin condition characterized by brown spots resulting from changes in skin pigmentation. Also known as the "pregnancy mask," chloasma is a condition affecting 50-70% of pregnant women [10]. Therefore, treatment for chloasma is crucial during pregnancy. Grape seed extract is preferred topically during pregnancy due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties [11]. The use of grape seed extract, rich in proanthocyanidins, in the treatment of chloasma has been observed to reduce melanin biosynthesis and UV-induced hyperpigmentation [12]. Another study examined the effects of grape seed extract on 12 women with chloasma, and observed that oral administration of the extract successfully improved facial chloasma hyperpigmentation [13]. French Maritime Pine Extract is a standardized extract of Pinus pinaster bark containing proanthocyanidins, monomeric phenolic compounds, and phenolic acids. In vitro studies have shown it to be more potent than vitamin C and vitamin E. In a study of 30 women with chloasma, they were given tablets containing French Maritime Pine Extract for 30 days. Treatment was found to significantly reduce melasma [14]. Herbal Products Used for Striae Gravidarum and Their Effectiveness Striae gravidarum, also known as pregnancy stretch marks, are seen in more than half of pregnant women [15]. Many women use herbal products such as Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) extract, cocoa butter, and olive oil to prevent stretch marks. However, the effectiveness of these herbal products in the natural treatment of striae gravidarum is debatable because there is no treatment that can completely remove stretch marks once they have formed [5]. Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) extract is used to improve wound and scarring. A study of 80 pregnant women (40 in the placebo group and 40 in the treatment group) applied a cream containing Centella asiatica extract. Striae gravidarum was observed in 22 women (56%) in the placebo group and 14 women (34%) in the treatment group. Clinical studies have shown that the cream containing Centella asiatica is effective [16]. In a study of 300 pregnant women to observe the effects of cocoa butter, 150 women received a placebo cream and 150 received cocoa butter cream. The women were followed until delivery to assess the development of striae gravidarum. It was found that 44% of patients using the cocoa butter cream developed striae gravidarum, compared to 55% of those using the placebo. Consequently, it can be concluded that cocoa butter cream does not prevent the development of striae gravidarum [17]. Another product used for Stravia gravidarum is olive oil. In a study of 100 pregnant women, 50 in the treatment group applied 1 cc of topical olive oil twice daily without massage. The control group received no cream or oil. No significant difference was observed between the two groups [18]. Cosmeceuticals Used in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris During Pregnancy Acne vulgaris affects women during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Acne can occur at various stages of pregnancy as a result of hormonal and physiological changes [19]. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil), Vitex agnus castus (Chasteberry) extract, and tannin-containing plants are preferred as cosmeceuticals in the treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy due to their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects [5]. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil) is an essential oil obtained by distilling the Melaleuca alternifolia plant. Thanks to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, tea tree oil is effective against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting the skin and mucosa. Due to these effects, it is also said to be effective in acne vulgaris [20]. One study compared 5% benzoyl peroxide and 5% tea tree oil. Both improved acne in patients. The effect of tea tree oil was observed to be slower than that of benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, fewer side effects were observed in the tea tree-treated group [21]. Another study found that 5% tea tree oil was an effective treatment for acne vulgaris [22]. Tannins are a substance found in many plants in nature. Plants that contain tannins include white oak bark (Quercus alba), English walnut leaves (Juglans regia), hernia (Agrimonia eupatoria), goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), jambolan bark (Syzygium cuminum), Labrador tea (Ledum latifolium), honeysuckle (Alchemilla mollis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), ratania (Krameria triandra), Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). These plants are preferred in the treatment of acne vulgaris because of their astringent effect [23]. Vitex agnus castus (Chasteberry) extract is frequently used in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms. Commission E has established its systemic use at 40 mg/day for the treatment of premenstrual acne. However, systemic use of Vitex agnus castus is not recommended for the treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation, while topical use is permitted [5], [23]. There is insufficient scientific data regarding the use of products derived from plants and plant extracts during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Therefore, the selection of cosmeceutical products becomes an important consideration during pregnancy. Skin care products used during pregnancy should contain safe active ingredients. Furthermore, products with ingredients that negatively affect the skin barrier should be avoided. It is important to carefully examine skin care products used while breastfeeding for ingredients that may pass into breast milk. Products formulated with safe and effective ingredients that support the skin barrier of pregnant and breastfeeding women with sensitive skin, such as the Atopic Dermatitis Series, are safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Source 1. Morganti, P., Morganti, G., Gagliardini, A., and Lohani, A. (2021). From cosmetics to innovative cosmeceuticals—non-woven tissues as new biodegradable carriers. Cosmetics, 8(3), 65. 2. Bedi, M.K., and Shenefelt, PD (2002). Herbal therapy in dermatology. Archives of dermatology, 138(2), 232-242. 3. Blumenthal, M. (1999). The complete German commission E monographs. Therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. 4. Herbal medicinal products. European Medicines Agency; 2025 www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/herbal-medicinal-products 5. Yildiz, H., and Abuaf, Ö. K. (2013). Use of cosmeceuticals during pregnancy and lactation period. Turkderm: Turkish Archives of Dermatology and Venereology, 47(4), 194. 6. Nordeng, H., and Havnen, G. C. (2004). Use of herbal drugs in pregnancy: a survey among 400 Norwegian women. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 13(6), 371-380. 7. Friedman, J. M. (2000). Teratology society: presentation to the FDA public meeting on safety issues associated with the use of dietary supplements during pregnancy. Teratology, 62(2), 134-137. 8. Wal, A., Wal, P., Gupta, S., Sharma, G., and Rai, AK (2011). Pharmacovigilance of herbal products in India. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 3(3), 256-258. 9. Beard, M. P., and Millington, G. W. M. (2012). Recent developments in the specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 37(1), 1-5. 10. Kalaycı, MM (2020). Pregnancy Mask: Melasma. Journal of Experimental and Basic Medical Sciences, 1(2), 065-067. 11. Draelos, Z.D. (Ed.). (2021). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons. 12. Yamakoshi, J., Otsuka, F., Sano, A., Tokutake, S., Saito, M., Kikuchi, M., and Kubota, Y. (2003). Lightening effect on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin by oral administration of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Pigment cell research, 16(6), 629-638. 13. Yamakoshi, J., Sano, A., Tokutake, S., Saito, M., Kikuchi, M., Kubota, Y., ... and Otsuka, F. (2004). Oral intake of proanthocyanidin‐rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 18(11), 895-899. 14. Ni, Z., Mu, Y., and Gulati, O. (2002). Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol®. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 16(6), 567-571. 15. Young, G.L., and Jewell, D. (2000). Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, CD000066. 16. Mallol, J., Belda, M.A., Costa, D., Noval, A., and Sola, M. (1991). Prophylaxis of Striae gravidarum with a topical formulation. A double blind trial. International journal of cosmetic science, 13(1), 51-57. 17. Buchanan, K., Fletcher, H. M., and Reid, M. (2010). Prevention of striae gravidarum with cocoa butter cream. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 108(1), 65-68. 18. Soltanipoor, F., Delaram, M., Taavoni, S., and Haghani, H. (2012). The effect of olive oil on prevention of striae gravidarum: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 20(5), 263-266. 19. Ly, S., Kamal, K., Manjaly, P., Barbieri, J.S., and Mostaghimi, A. (2023). Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation: a narrative review. Dermatology and Therapy, 13(1), 115-130. 20. Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., Bagherani, N., and Kazerouni, A. (2013). A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International journal of dermatology, 52(7), 784-790. 21. Bassett, IB, Barnetson, RSC, and Pannowitz, D.L. (1990). A comparative study of tea‐tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne. Medical Journal of Australia, 153(8), 455-458. 22. Enshaieh, S., and Jooya, A. (2007). The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. 23. Reuter, J., Merfort, I., and Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American journal of clinical dermatology, 11, 247-267.
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What is Ashwagandha? Benefits, Usage and Everything You Need to Know
Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera (L.), is an evergreen shrub grown in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Its Sanskrit name, ashwagandha (“ashwa” means horse, and “gandha” means scent), is commonly used because the plant's roots are said to smell like wet horse (1). Its Latin name means sleep-inducing. Although ashwagandha does not belong to the ginseng family, it is also known as Indian ginseng (2). It is named Indian ginseng because of its rejuvenating properties; its effects are not identical to those of ginseng, but rather produce different, specific effects in the body. Ashwagandha supplements have anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and hypolipidemic properties. Ashwagandha is used not only in dietary supplements but also in cosmetic products for skin care. Plants like ashwagandha are inspiring the development of multicosmetic solutions that combine health and beauty. Ashwagandha root is thought to be used to treat leukoderma, ulcers, and scabies, as well as to heal skin wounds and reduce swelling. It has been suggested that withaferin A, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, may be used for dermatological conditions such as scleroderma or pigmentation disorders (7). Ashwagandha root and leaves have different chemical compositions. Most commercial ashwagandha supplements contain extracts from the plant's root, but some supplements may contain extracts from both the root and leaves (2). It is available in a variety of forms, including capsules, topical treatments, and tea. Ashwagandha is safe for most people when used at the correct dosage for up to 3 months, but its long-term effects are unknown. Ashwagandha may not be safe if a person: If pregnant or breastfeeding If you have hormone-sensitive prostate cancer Are taking certain medications such as benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, or barbiturates If you are about to have surgery If you have an autoimmune or thyroid disorder If you have liver problems In these cases, it should be used under the supervision of a physician. The following side effects have been reported in some people using ashwagandha supplements (13): Gastrointestinal disorders Numbness Diarrhea Vomiting Dosage recommendations for ashwagandha vary. Research has shown that doses ranging from 250–1,250 mg per day are effective for different conditions (13). History of Ashwagandha and Its Place in Traditional Medicine Traditional and complementary medicine is increasingly popular today for treating health-related ailments. This demonstrates the strong potential for developing new medicinal combinations with fewer side effects. Ashwagandha root has been used as an adaptogen in the traditional Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine of India. An adaptogen is defined as a compound or product that enhances a person's ability to adapt and resist biological, physical, or chemical stressors. Classified as a "Rasayana" (rejuvenator) in Ayurveda, ashwagandha is used to support overall health and longevity (3). Scientifically proven benefits of ashwagandha include reducing stress and anxiety levels, improving sleep quality, enhancing cognitive function, and enhancing physical performance (2). Today, the traditional use of ashwagandha is supported by scientific studies (4). Its philosophy is based on the safe and responsible evaluation of effective ingredients from nature in light of scientific data. 5 Scientifically Proven Benefits of Ashwagandha In the light of scientific research on Withania somnifera, 5 important benefits come to the fore (5): Reduces stress and anxiety by lowering cortisol levels in the body due to its adaptogenic properties Improves sleep quality by shortening the time it takes to fall asleep Supporting memory, focus and general cognitive functions due to its neuroprotective properties Increases physical endurance and muscle strength due to its immune-boosting adaptogenic effect Supporting reproductive health in men by increasing testosterone levels and improving sperm quality Using Ashwagandha to Combat Stress and Anxiety Stress, anxiety, and insufficient sleep are common features of modern life. The use of adaptogenic herbs as a solution to these problems has been increasing in recent years. Among these adaptogenic herbs, ashwagandha, an Ayurvedic herb, has been shown in modern studies to have an impact on stress and anxiety. A 2019 controlled trial (4) investigated the effects of ashwagandha supplementation on reducing stress and anxiety levels. The stress-relieving effects of the root extract were studied in sixty male and female participants with baseline stress scale (PSS) scores >20 who were randomized to receive 125 mg of ashwagandha extract, 300 mg of ashwagandha extract, and placebo capsules twice daily for eight weeks in a 1:1:1 ratio. Serum cortisol levels, the most commonly used biomarker for physiological stress, were used to assess the intensity of anxiety in each participant. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) was used to assess the intensity of anxiety. At baseline, the recorded HAM-A scores were 23.05, 24.10, and 23.32 for the Ashwagandha 250, Ashwagandha 600, and placebo groups, respectively, while at the end of the study, the scores were 20.05, 20.15, and 21.42, respectively. As a result, a significant decrease in serum cortisol levels was observed in the Ashwagandha treatment groups compared to the placebo group (4). Similarly, a meta-analysis published in 2023 (6) evaluated a total of 558 participants by examining nine randomized controlled trials and concluded that the use of ashwagandha significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels (6). What are the Effects of Ashwagandha on Hormonal Balance? There is a remarkable relationship between hormonal balance and ashwagandha. It has been proven to regulate pituitary function, improve thyroid homeostasis, regulate adrenal activity, and have a multifaceted effect on the reproductive system (7). Ashwagandha Use in Women and Its Effect on Menopausal Symptoms Hormones affect all aspects of women's health, including menstruation, reproduction, perimenopause, and menopause. Ashwagandha use in women has a regulating effect on these hormonal processes. However, ashwagandha should be avoided during pregnancy and should not be used during breastfeeding (15). In a randomized pilot study conducted on women, Dongre et al. (2015) administered 300 mg ashwagandha capsules to the treatment group twice daily for eight weeks. Results were measured and compared using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) in weeks 4 and 8. No side effects were observed in the treatment group, and it was reported that it may provide psychological relief through its anti-stress effect by reducing cortisol levels in the body or increasing sexual desire in women (8). In a study by Bhattarai et al. (2010), Ashwagandha extract was found to increase the secretion of gonadotropin hormones and improve oogenesis through its properties of mimicking the neurotransmitter GABA. This was suggested to be due to improving serum estrogen balance (9). Several studies have demonstrated the anticancer properties of ashwagandha extract against different breast tumor cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) by reducing tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo (10). The extract has also been shown to improve survival and quality of life in breast cancer patients (11). Menopause symptoms and herbal remedies are a topic of interest for many women today. Estrogen levels drop significantly during perimenopause (the transition period leading to menopause) and menopause (the period when menstrual periods permanently stop). Because ashwagandha can mimic estrogen in the body, it can alleviate menopause symptoms and provide relief. Hot flashes are one of the most common symptoms of the menopausal transition and a leading reason why women seek medical attention for menopausal symptoms. Hot flashes are often associated with a decreased quality of life and sleep disturbances, and they play a significant role in influencing the severity and frequency of other symptoms experienced during menopause. One study (12) suggests that ashwagandha root extract may be a safe and effective option for relieving mild to moderate climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause. (12) A statistically significant reduction in mean hot flash score was observed at the end of the study. Ashwagandha Use in Men and Its Effect on Testosterone Levels Ashwagandha benefits for men include increasing testosterone levels, increasing muscle mass by increasing protein synthesis in muscle, and indirectly increasing testosterone through positive effects on both mood and hormonal balance by reducing stress hormones (especially cortisol). Testosterone is primarily produced by the Leydig cells in the testicles under the influence of luteinizing hormone. Herbs that increase testosterone levels include ashwagandha, fenugreek, and tongkat ali (Malaysian ginseng). Numerous studies to date have shown that ashwagandha supplementation leads to a significant increase in testosterone levels. An experimental study by Gupta and Srivastava examined in depth the effects of ashwagandha root extract on male reproductive health. Male quails exposed to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation were used to investigate how the extract affects testosterone production and sperm count by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation (14). In the study, Wi-Fi exposure led to a significant decrease in morphological parameters such as testicular volume, density, and gonado-somatic index (GSI). A significant decrease in serum testosterone levels was also observed. Concomitant treatment with ashwagandha restored these parameters to near control levels (14). Ashwagandha's effects are even more pronounced at the molecular level. In the Wi-Fi-exposed group, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was suppressed in the testes, while the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and NF-κB were significantly increased. Ashwagandha treatment reversed this inflammatory response, reducing inflammation in the testicular microenvironment. Furthermore, ERα (estrogen receptor alpha) expression was increased, thereby promoting testosterone synthesis. A significant increase in sperm count was also observed, and structural abnormalities in the testes (seminiferous tubule diameter and cellular organization) were corrected. These results suggest that Ashwagandha supports testosterone increases not only at the hormonal level but also at the cellular and genetic level (14). Additionally, because Ashwagandha may increase testosterone levels, individuals with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer should avoid its use (15). References: 1) Mandlik Ingawale DS, Namdeo AG. Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects. J Diet Suppl 2021;18:183-226 2) Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Ashwagandha. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 2024 Mar 15. 3) https://www.verywellhealth.com/when-to-take-ashwagandha-for-health-benefits-8764489 4) Salve J, Pate S, Debnath K, Langade D. Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Cureus 2019 Dec 25;11(12):e6466. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6466. PMID: 32021735; PMCID: PMC6979308. 5) Mikulska P, Malinowska M, Ignacyk M, Szustowski P, Nowak J, Pesta K, Szeląg M, Szklanny D, Judasz E, Kaczmarek G, Ejiohuo OP, Paczkowska-Walendowska M, Gościniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 24;15(4):1057. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041057. PMID: 37111543; PMCID: PMC10147008. 6) Velan Arumugam, Venugopal Vijayakumar, Arthi Balakrishnan, Rudra B Bhandari, Deenadayalan Boopalan, Ramesh Ponnurangam, Venkateswaran Sankaralingam Thirupathy, Maheshkumar Kuppusamy,Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) on stress and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis,EXPLORE,Volume 20, Issue 6,2024,103062,ISSN 1550-8307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062. 7) Wiciński M, Fajkiel-Madajczyk A, Kurant Z, Kurant D, Gryczka K, Falkowski M, Wiśniewska M, Słupski M, Ohla J, Zabrzyński J. Can Ashwagandha Benefit the Endocrine System?-A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Nov 20;24(22):16513. doi: 10.3390/ijms242216513. PMID: 38003702; PMCID: PMC10671406. 8) Dongre S, Langade D, Bhattacharyya S. Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Improving Sexual Function in Women: A Pilot Study. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:284154. 9) Bhattarai JP, Ah Park S, Han SK. The methanolic extract of Withania somnifera ACTS on GABAA receptors in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in mice. Phytother Res. 2010 Aug;24(8):1147-50. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3088. PMID: 20044800. 10) Bazm, MA, Naseri, L., & Khazaei, M. (2018). Methods of inducing breast cancer in animal models: A systematic review. World Cancer Research Journal, 5(4), e1182. 11) Biswal BM, Sulaiman SA, Ismail HC, Zakaria H, Musa KI. Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Integrated Cancer Ther. 2013 Jul;12(4):312-22. doi: 10.1177/1534735412464551. Epub 2012 Nov 9. PMID: 23142798. 12) Gopal, S., Ajgaonkar, A., Kanchi, P., Kaundinya, A., Thakare, V., Chauhan, S. and Langade, D. (2021), Effect of an ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) root extract on climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 47: 4414-4425. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15030 13) Ayvaz, Zafer. (2024). Health Benefits of Ashwagandha. Ecology. 4. 15-22. 14) Gupta, V., & Srivastava, R. (2025). Amelioration and Immuno-modulation by Ashwagandha on Wi-fi Induced Oxidative Stress in Regulating Reproduction Via Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Male Japanese Quail. Reproductive Sciences, 32(455–466). 15) https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ashwagandha
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What Health Problems Could Lines on Nails Indicate?
What Causes Nail Lines? What Are Horizontal and Vertical Lines? Horizontal and vertical lines visible on nails can be an indicator of many conditions. Horizontal nail lines are seen as a result of acute illnesses, infections, and trauma, while vertical nail lines can be seen as a result of aging, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and chronic conditions [1]. A careful examination of fingernails and toenails can reveal what the nail lines indicate and provide clues about underlying systemic diseases. Changes in nails, in particular, offer important clues about the body's overall health, and early detection can help guide the appropriate treatment. Nails can be a symptom of many health problems, from heart disease and kidney problems to thyroid disorders and anemia. Beau's Lines (Horizontal Lines): Relationship Between Acute Illness and Trauma Beau's lines (horizontal lines) are transverse linear depressions that arise on the surface of the nail plate and beneath the proximal nail fold. These lines result from a temporary decrease in mitotic activity of keratinocytes in the nail matrix, resulting in the formation of transverse grooves in the nail plate [2], [3]. The disease association of Beau's lines can develop in association with systemic and local trauma, cytotoxic agents, or metabolic events. Beau's lines are nail dystrophies with distinct clinical findings and are often associated with trauma as the initiating factor. In addition, infections, serious medical conditions, drug side effects, and autoimmune diseases can cause Beau's lines [4]. Beau's lines have been described in systemic disorders such as coronary thrombosis, measles, mumps, Kawasaki disease, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and renal failure [5]. These lines are caused by a temporary cessation of nail growth and are generally associated with the severity of the disease. During acute illnesses, stress and metabolic changes in the body can cause a pause in the nail matrix. Furthermore, cytotoxic treatments such as chemotherapy can affect the nails and trigger the formation of Beau's lines. However, local trauma to the nails or severe infections can also cause these lines [6]. One study found that the most common causes of Beau's lines are medications (36.3%) and infections (36.9%), respectively. Other causes include non-autoimmune systemic diseases, autoimmune systemic diseases, trauma, hereditary diseases, neurological or neuromuscular diseases, and onychomycosis [7]. Vertical Lines: Aging, Nutritional Deficiencies, or Chronic Problems Lines extending from the proximal to the free edge of the nail are part of the natural aging process [8]. The slowing of linear nail growth is due to changes in the chemical structure of the nail with age. This change can lead to an increase in vertical lines [9]. When nails become thin and dull, this condition is known as trachyonychia. This condition can be associated with related conditions such as alopecia areata, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and lichen planus [10]. Vertical lines can also appear on nails as a result of a diet deficient in vitamin B, folate, and protein. These vertical lines appear as thin, long lines on the nail surface and can be a sign of nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases that negatively affect nail health [11]. Effects of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies on Nails The normal nail plate is composed of various nutrients in specific proportions. Therefore, vitamin and mineral deficiencies can cause significant changes in the nail plate. It is known that there is a correlation between nutrient levels in the body and blood and their concentrations in the nail plate. In cases of vitamin and mineral deficiency, nutrient concentrations in the nails decrease, while in cases of excessive intake or toxicity, nail concentrations increase. In particular, deficiencies of minerals such as iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, and vitamins A, D, B, and C can cause significant changes in the nails [12]. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Pale Nail Beds A pale nail bed is known as a sign of anemia [13]. In iron deficiency anemia, the body's oxygen-carrying capacity decreases, and blood flow to the nail decreases. The nail bed, normally pink, becomes pale in iron deficiency anemia [13]. Furthermore, nails become quite brittle due to iron deficiency anemia, may split in layers, and raised longitudinal lines may be seen. Koilonychia is also known as "spoon nail." Koilonychia is a condition characterized by a flat central portion of the nail plate and upward curvature of the distal nail plate and lateral edges. It is a common symptom of iron deficiency anemia [17]. Fragility and Line Formation in Biotin (Vitamin B7) Deficiency Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin found in foods such as milk, eggs, and grains. It plays a role in the biosynthesis of keratin in the body, ensuring the cohesion of keratinocytes. It also increases the strength of the nail plate, stimulates cell renewal, improves nail growth, and supports nail health by reducing moisture loss [18], [19]. Biotin deficiency can lead to problems such as brittleness and striations in nails . Nails becoming more brittle than normal, slowing nail growth, and the appearance of longitudinal striations indicate that the body needs biotin. In this case, taking biotin supplements and consuming biotin-rich foods will be beneficial for strengthening and healthy nail growth [19]. Reflection of Systemic Diseases in Nails Changes in nail shape, color, and growth rate can be signs of systemic diseases. They provide clues about diseases in the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, renal, musculoskeletal, nutritional, and metabolic systems. For example, psoriasis, thyroid disease, and diabetes can cause characteristic changes in nails. Pitting is observed in the nail surface in psoriasis. Thyroid patients experience symptoms such as brittle nails and slowed growth, while diabetic patients experience yellowing and thickening of the nails. These changes in the nails are important in diagnosing systemic diseases and allow for early diagnosis [20], [21]. Psoriasis and Nail Pitting Symptoms Nail psoriasis is known as a social and psychological problem that causes functional problems in patients. Psoriasis, a systemic disease, is not only a cosmetic blemish but also affects daily life [22]. One study found that psoriasis (20%) is the most common nail disorder after onychomycosis (nail fungus) [23]. Common symptoms of psoriasis include pitting, subungual hyperkeratosis, and loosening of the nail plate [22]. Pitting is the most common symptom, affecting 68% of patients. These superficial depressions in the nail plate are related to inflammation of the nail matrix [24]. Pitting can also be seen in diseases such as lichen planus, eczema, and alopecia areata, but the pits in psoriasis are deeper [1]. Less commonly, symptoms such as nail discoloration and bleeding can be observed. Because these symptoms can also be seen in other diseases, accurate diagnosis is important. Nail Changes Associated with Thyroid Disorders Nail problems are observed in 5% of patients with hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include onycholysis (separation of the nail plate from the nail bed), brittle nails, and brown spots on the nails [25]. In hypothyroid patients, brittle nails, flattening, slow growth, dryness, and onychorrhexis (longitudinal ridges) are observed [26]. Hypothyroidism causes hypothermia due to secondary vasoconstriction and a decrease in metabolic rate. Vasoconstriction reduces oxygen and nutrient transfer to the skin, resulting in brittle, slow-growing nails. Hyperthyroidism, however, can cause rapid nail growth due to vasodilation [27]. In patients with thyrotoxicosis, onycholysis, soft, and concave nails are observed [28]. These nail changes can be early clinical signs of thyroid disorders. Dermatological and Cosmetic Factors Nail treatments performed to achieve an aesthetic appearance can damage the nail surface and the surrounding area [29]. Improper nail trimming can lead to ingrown nails and infections. Removing cuticles removes the protective barrier surrounding the nail, making it vulnerable to infection. Filing vertical lines in nail cosmetics can also cause nail breakage. Nails can also weaken after procedures such as manicures, and prolonged use of nail polish can lead to loss of oxygen and discoloration [30], [31]. Because solvents and nail polishes such as acetone damage the nail's structure, they can break and thin. Long-term use of acetone can cause keratin granulation [32]. Using the Wrong Nail Polish Remover and Nail Surface Damage Nail polish removers are generally organic solvents obtained by adding fragrance and color [33]. Nail polish removers dissolve the resin layer that accumulates on the nail surface [34]. Acetone is the most commonly used and well-known nail polish remover. Because it is a strong solvent, it can quickly remove nail polish, but misuse can be irritating even at low concentrations, leaving nails looking dry and dull. Furthermore, frequent acetone use can cause keratin degranulation in the nail plate, leading to white streaks on the nail surface [32]. Choosing the right nail polish remover is crucial for nail health. To minimize adverse effects, use a small amount of product and avoid overuse. The Role of Moisture Loss and Lipid Barrier Dysfunction The water content of nails is important for maintaining the structure of keratinized tissue. Cosmetic products used on nails damage the keratin structure, decreasing water content and leading to moisture loss. Maintaining moisture balance is important for healthy nail growth. Nail polish removers disrupt the nail's natural moisture balance, leading to thinning and breakage [35]. Cosmetic products also cause lipid barrier dysfunction. Acetone use damages the lipid barrier. Nails soften, break, and gaps in the nail's layered structure are observed. These adverse effects can be prevented by using moisturizing and nourishing products for nail health [36]. Tips for Maintaining Nail Health To keep nails looking healthy and prevent breakage, it's important to take some precautions. Here are some tips for maintaining healthy nails: Keep nails short: Regularly cutting nails will prevent breakage and trauma. Take care to keep nails clean and dry: Clean nails prevent bacteria and fungi from growing in the nails. SLS-free nail cleansers should be preferred to protect skin-nail integrity. Prolonged exposure to water can cause nails to crack. Wear gloves to reduce exposure. Add moisturizing and nourishing products to your care routine: Keeping nails moist will protect them from damage and cracking. Avoid chemical products: Chemical-based cleaners damage the nail structure. Nail polish removers containing acetone can disrupt the moisture balance of nails, causing them to weaken. You can preserve the natural structure of your nails by choosing products with less chemical content [37], [38]. Maintaining nail health isn't just about a routine; it's also important to take precautions against infections like nail fungus. Therefore, early diagnosis and proper nail fungus treatment are crucial. Choosing a Cleanser Suitable for Skin-Nail Integrity (SLS-Free Products) Nail health isn't just about nail care. Choosing a cleanser that's compatible with your skin is important. Cuticles act as a barrier that supports the nail. Therefore, choosing the right cleanser plays a critical role in maintaining skin-nail integrity. SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) is a surfactant commonly used as a cleansing agent in skin care products [39]. SLS can disrupt the composition of skin lipids, removing lipids from the stratum corneum surface, and thus impairing the skin barrier function [40]. This effect may be more pronounced because the skin around the nails is more sensitive. Cleansing products containing SLS can cause dryness and cracking of the cuticles, especially when hands frequently come into contact with water. Furthermore, they can cause the loss of natural oils that nourish and strengthen nails. To maintain skin-nail integrity, appropriate care should be taken, and skin-friendly, SLS-free products should be preferred [41]. Nail Care with Moisturizing Ingredients (Ceramide, Panthenol) Moisturizing products significantly reduce the risk of nail breakage and cracking by maintaining the moisture balance. Ceramides are lipids naturally found in the skin that help strengthen the skin barrier. They keep the skin moisturized and prevent drying and irritation [42]. Panthenol is an important ingredient in nail care. Because panthenol is a water-soluble and hygroscopic substance, it has a moisturizing effect. In addition to moisturizing the skin, it also improves the appearance of roughness. This property also provides protection against skin irritation and damage caused by substances like SLS [43]. Regular use of moisturizing products helps keep the nail plate and cuticles healthy and strong. Repairing Formulas Supported by Biotechnological Actives The use of bioactive nail products to support nail health has gained significant importance in recent years. Bioactive nail products contain various biotechnological and natural ingredients that support and repair nail health. 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