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Kuru ve Çatlayan Eller için Yoğun Nem Terapisi: Kurtarıcı Bakım Sırları - ya da multicosmetics

Intensive Moisture Therapy for Dry and Cracked Hands: Rescue Care Secrets

Skin is our largest organ, covering the body's surface, and is the first point of contact with the external environment. Chemicals, soaps, clothing, and high or low temperatures come into contact with our skin first[1]. Our skin acts as an important barrier, protecting the body from the ingress of various external chemicals and compounds and also preventing fluid and electrolyte loss from the internal environment[2]. Healthy skin owes its elasticity and softness largely to its water content. The outermost layer of the skin, thanks to the oils it contains, slows water evaporation and helps retain moisture in the lower layers. When this oil layer is depleted, the skin becomes dry. If dry skin is not due to a hereditary disease or another health problem, this condition is called "xeroderma"[3].

Doctors and pharmacists are frequently asked about dry skin (xerosis, xeroderma). Regardless of age or gender, dry skin is more common in the elderly, affecting perhaps 75% of people aged 64 and over[4].
The symptoms of dry skin manifest as symptoms that become more severe as the condition persists and/or worsens. When the skin is extremely dry, the hands initially become red[5]. So why do hands crack? Cracks are thin, superficial, similar to those seen on antique porcelain (eczema cracks) and are caused by moisture loss from the skin's surface. These cracks can form along and accentuate natural skin lines, leaving the skin feeling rough and uneven[6,7]. If dryness persists, the skin becomes tight, and flaking or peeling begins to appear. As the cracks widen and deepen, they eventually reach the depths of the dermal capillaries. Bleeding occurs due to abrasion at this depth. Itching resulting from dryness is common and can be severe. Scratching to relieve it can cause peeling of the skin and infection[8,9].
Many people today complain of dry hands. Therefore, in this article, we've covered the causes of dry hands and what can be done to treat them.

The first treatment for dry and cracked hands is to moisturize them frequently and regularly with a good moisturizer. Moisturizers are available from many cosmetic brands, multi-cosmetic companies, and even pharmaceutical companies. Finding the right moisturizer for you and using it frequently throughout the day is crucial for treating dry hands. When choosing a moisturizer, it's best to choose brands that don't conduct animal testing, don't use hormone-disrupting or harmful chemicals like alcohol, parabens, SLS, and SLES, don't harm the environment, and can provide information about their sustainability policies .

What are the main causes of dry and cracked hands?

Hands can dry and crack for many reasons. So, what are the causes of dry hands? Cold or hot weather, wind, frequent handwashing and disinfectant use, certain chemicals and allergens, and conditions like psoriasis and eczema are among the causes of dry, cracked hands. Insufficient water consumption is also a contributing factor to dry skin. Let's examine these causes in more detail.

Effect of Weather Conditions: Cold, Wind and Dry Air

The question of why hands dry in winter may be on many people's minds. Winter is a peak time for dry skin complaints due to low humidity in the air and heating systems that force hot, dry air into homes or workplaces[5]. However, frequent use of air conditioning in the summer also removes most of the moisture from the air, leading to dry skin[1,5]. Maintaining a certain level of humidity will prevent our hands from drying out. Therefore, using humidifiers or placing a bowl of water on the radiators in the house, especially during the winter months, is helpful. Sunlight also dehydrates the epidermis, worsening dry skin[6]. Therefore, in addition to moisturizers, it's important to use sunscreen and reapply it every two hours.

The Role of Frequent Hand Washing and Disinfectant Use

Frequent handwashing can cause dry hands. Surfactants and soaps used for handwashing also reduce surface skin oils and negatively affect skin proteins[10]. Patients with dry hands should switch from overly irritating soaps and cleansers to milder soaps and minimize the amount of soap they use when washing their hands[11]. Because the use of harsh towels causes unacceptable friction on the skin, patients should be advised to dry their skin gently. Furthermore, because cold water dries the skin less than hot water, the use of cold water may be recommended[10]. Individuals who work in professions that frequently involve contact with water or perform wet tasks, such as wearing rubber gloves for more than two hours a day, are at risk and are advised to use appropriate gloves, frequently air their hands, and regularly use moisturizers. Disinfectant products can also cause dry hands. Individuals with dry hands should carefully select and use disinfectant products.

Chemicals and Allergens Contacted in Daily Life

Many chemicals erode the skin surface, disrupting its integrity and causing cracks. Soaps and detergents, colognes, and disinfectants are examples of these chemicals. Contact allergens include metals, preservatives, rubber chemicals, hair dyes, epoxies, and acrylates[12]. Skin contact with highly acidic foods and proteins such as latex can also cause contact dermatitis[13].

The Effect of Skin Disorders Such as Eczema and Psoriasis

Eczema is a common disease, with an annual prevalence of 9% in the adult European population[14]. Eczema is a complex disease in which both individual and environmental factors play a role. It is characterized by disruptions in the skin barrier, immune system, and skin microbiome[15,16].

The goals of treating dry hands caused by eczema are to reduce inflammation, relieve itching, reduce its severity, and prevent recurrence. Environmental factors identified as triggers of eczema should be limited or eliminated[12]. All patients with eczema should receive education on skin care and protection.

What is Intensive Moisture Therapy and What are its Benefits for Hands?

Hand care for dry skin is crucial for a person's quality of life. Creams that reach deeper layers of the skin, providing deep, rather than superficial, moisturization, can be recommended for those with severe cracked hands. Thanks to intensive moisture therapy, people with dry hands can see faster results. Intensive moisture therapy products not only moisturize the skin more quickly but also maintain moisture for longer periods of time. Creams with these properties are effective for treating people with severely dry hands or those who, due to their profession, cannot moisturize their hands frequently.

Methods to Restore Moisture Lost by the Skin

First, it's important to identify the factors that can cause excessive dry hands. This allows us to address each cause individually and follow a healthier path. If the air in your home is dry, we can use humidifiers. We should avoid using excessively hot or cold water and use soaps that are less likely to irritate our hands. If we use disinfectant products, we should choose those more suitable for sensitive skin. We should not forget to use sunscreen to protect ourselves from the sun's rays and reapply it frequently. We should drink 2 liters of water daily. Most importantly, we should remember to use skin-friendly dry hand care products .

Repairing and Strengthening the Barrier Function of Hand Skin

The answer to the question of how to treat dry hands is actually to repair and strengthen the skin's barrier function. The answer to the question of what helps cracked hands is the same: regular moisturizer use. The net effect of moisturizer use is softening the skin. Moisturizing ingredients include mineral oils (e.g., liquid paraffin, petrolatum), waxes (e.g., lanolin, beeswax, carnauba), long-chain esters, fatty acids, and mono-, di-, and triglycerides. Moisturizers hydrate the stratum corneum through a hygroscopic effect, improving its elasticity. Moisturizing ingredients include alpha-hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, and tartaric acid, as well as urea, glycerin, and propylene glycol [6]. Depending on the moisturizer's effectiveness, these compounds can be used alone or in combination.

Stubborn Dry Hands: When to See a Doctor?

In fact, you should see a doctor when your daily routine starts to be disrupted, when the redness in your hands becomes more severe and begins to dry, when you feel discomfort when gripping due to tension, when this dryness turns into a persistent dry hand problem that does not improve despite the products you use, when cracks appear or when these cracks begin to bleed.

Conditions That Do Not Respond to Home Treatments

The products you use to repair your hand skin barrier may not always be suitable. If you can't find the right product for you or if you use products that contain ingredients that can cause skin sensitivity, your treatment may progress slowly. In such cases, you should closely monitor your progress and consult with specialists such as your doctor and pharmacist to find the best moisturizer for you. If you have conditions like eczema, home treatments may not be sufficient, so you should see a doctor as soon as possible.

Signs of Infection: Severe Redness, Swelling, Pain, or Discharge

If left untreated, dry hands can crack over time, and these cracks can progress and lead to bleeding. The itching caused by dryness causes a person to constantly scratch their hands. If hands are not sufficiently clean, this increases the risk of infection. When an infection develops, symptoms such as severe redness, swelling, pain, and discharge occur. The infected area becomes noticeably red and swollen, and pain may be felt along with the itching. If left untreated, the infection can progress, leading to pus formation and spread. Therefore, if you notice such symptoms, you should consult a doctor immediately and receive the recommended treatment regularly.

References
1. Egawa M, Oguri M, Kuwahara T, Takahashi M. Effect of exposure to human skin in a dry environment. Skin Res Technol. 2002;8:212-218.
2. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(Suppl 1):43-48.
3. Dinulos, JGH. 2025. Dry Skin (Xeroderma), https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/cornification-disorders/dry-skin-xeroderma. Access date: 30.05.2025
4. Heymann WR, Gans EH, Manders SM, et al. Xerosis in hypothyroidism: a potential role for the use of topical thyroid hormone in euthyroid patients. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57:736-739.
5. Norman R.A. Xerosis and pruritus in the elderly: recognition and management. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:254-259.
6. Ademola J, Frazier C, Kim SJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of 40% urea and 12% ammonium lactate in the treatment of xerosis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:217-222.
7. Lodén M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:771-788.
8. Grove G, Zerweck C. An evaluation of the moisturizing and anti-itch effects of a lactic acid and pramoxine hydrochloride cream. Cutis. 2004;73:135-139.
9. Moses S. Pruritus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:1135-1142.
10. Derk CT, Vivino FB. A primary care approach to Sjögren's syndrome: helping patients cope with sicca symptoms, extraglandular manifestations. Postgrad Med. 2004;116:49-54, 59, 65.
11. National Library of Medicine. Dry skin. Available www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.html
12. Carøe TK, Ebbehøj N, Agner T. A survey of exposures related to recognized occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):56-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12134
13. Johansen, J.D. 2025. Håndeksem. Weekly Doctors. 187:V10240682. doi: 10.61409/V10240682 https://ugeskriftet.dk/videnskab/haandeksem Access date: 30.05.2025
14. Quaade AS, Wang X, Sølberg JBK et al. Circulating biomarkers are associated with disease severity of chronic hand eczema and atopic dermatitis. BrJ Dermatol. 2023;189(1):114-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljad110
15. Tauber M, Bérard E, Lourari S et al. Latent class analysis categorizes chronic hand eczema patients according to skin barrier impairment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(7):1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16083
16. Nørreslet LB, Edslev SM, Andersen PS et al. Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with hand eczema: prevalence and association with severity, atopic dermatitis, subtype and nasal colonization. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(6): 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13679

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Kolajen Takviyeleri Gerçekten İşe Yarıyor mu? - ya da multicosmetics

Kolajen Takviyeleri Gerçekten İşe Yarıyor mu?

Vücudumuzda en bol bulunan protein olan kolajen, cildimizden kemiklerimize, eklemlerimizden kaslarımıza kadar birçok dokuda görev yapar. Yaş ilerledikçe bu değerli proteinin üretimi azalır ve bu da kırışıklıklar, eklem ağrıları ve bağ dokusu problemleri gibi pek çok soruna yol açabilir. Kolajen takviyeleri, bu süreci yavaşlatmak ve yaşlanma belirtilerini hafifletmek amacıyla son yıllarda oldukça popüler hale gelmiştir. Et, balık, kemik suyu, yumurta beyazı, süt ürünleri ve tavuk derisi gibi besinlerde doğal olarak bulunmasına rağmen, biyoyararlılığı yüksek olan kolajen peptit formu sayesinde takviye ürünlere olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır (2). Peki bu takviyeler gerçekten işe yarıyor mu? Hangi formu daha etkili? Kolajen peptitler hakkında merak ettiğin her şeyi bu blog yazısında keşfedebilirsin. 1.Kolajen Nedir ve Vücuttaki Görevi Nedir? Vücudun yapısal bütünlüğünü koruyan, dokulara dayanıklılık ve esneklik kazandıran kolajen; sadece estetik görünüm açısından değil, aynı zamanda birçok fizyolojik sürecin sağlıklı bir şekilde işlemesi açısından da büyük önem taşır. Kolajenin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini daha iyi kavrayabilmek için, öncelikle ne olduğunu ve vücuttaki görevlerini aşağıda daha detaylı bir şekilde bulabilirsiniz. Kolajen nedir? Kolajen, insan vücudunda en bol bulunan yapısal proteindir ve cilt, kemik, kas, tendon ve bağ dokularının temel yapı taşlarından biridir (1). En önemli faydası, bağ dokuların sağlamlığını ve cildin esneklik gibi mekanik özelliklerini desteklemesidir (3). Özellikle tendonlarda, kuru ağırlığın yaklaşık %65-80’ini oluşturarak bu yapıların dayanıklılığını belirler. Aynı zamanda bağ dokuların gerilme kuvvetlerine karşı direnç göstermesini sağlayarak, tendon sağlığının korunmasında ve kas yaralanmalarının önlenmesinde kritik bir görev üstlenir (4,5,6). Bugüne kadar toplamda 28 farklı kolajen tipi tanımlanmış olsa da, vücutta en yaygın olarak bulunan ve en fazla araştırılanlar Tip I, Tip II, Tip III, Tip IV ve Tip V kolajenlerdir (22). Yaşla birlikte kolajen üretimi azalır mı? Yaşla birlikte vücuttaki kolajen üretimi doğal olarak azalmaya başlar. Genellikle 25 yaşından sonra bu süreç yavaş yavaş başlar ve 30’lu yaşlarda daha belirgin hale gelir. 40 yaşından itibaren ise kolajen sentezindeki düşüş ciddi seviyelere ulaşır (8). Kolajen üretimindeki bu düşüş sadece yaşa bağlı değildir; güneş ışığına (özellikle UV ışınlarına) fazla maruz kalmak, sigara kullanımı, aşırı şeker tüketimi ve kronik stres gibi çevresel faktörler de kolajen yıkımını hızlandırabilir (9). Bu azalma; ciltte kırışıklık ve lekelenme, eklemlerde sertlik, bağ dokuların esnekliğini kaybetmesi gibi birçok yaşa bağlı sağlık sorununa zemin hazırlar (1). 2.Kolajen Takviyeleri Ne Vaat Ediyor? Kolajen takviyeleriyle ilgili en çok öne çıkan iddialar genellikle cilt sağlığı ile ilgilidir. Ancak bunların yanında eklem ve kas sistemi üzerindeki olumlu etkiler de sıkça dile getirilmektedir. Şimdi bu vaatleri daha yakından inceleyelim. Cilt sağlığı üzerindeki iddialar Kolajen, cildin esnekliğini ve sıkılığını sağlayan başlıca yapısal proteindir; adeta cildin iskeleti olarak görev yapar. Yaş ilerledikçe kolajen sentezi azalır ve bu durum, cildin zayıflamasına, elastikiyetini kaybetmesine ve dış etkenlere karşı daha savunmasız hale gelmesine neden olur. Cilt sağlığı açısından en yaygın kullanılan kolajen tipleri Tip I ve Tip III kolajendir. Tip I kolajen, cildi sıkılaştırma, kırışıklıkları azaltma, saç dökülmelerini önleme ve tırnakları güçlendirme gibi etkileriyle öne çıkar (10). Tip III kolajen ise cilde esneklik kazandırır ve bağ dokular ile damar yapılarının bütünlüğünü destekler. Genellikle Tip I ile birlikte bulunur ve birlikte kullanıldığında “gençlik etkisi” olarak adlandırılan daha sağlıklı, sıkı ve elastik bir cilt görünümünü destekler (20). Eklem ve kas sağlığına etkileri Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar, Tip II kolajen takviyesinin osteoartrit gibi eklem hastalıklarında ağrıyı azaltabileceğini ve kıkırdak yapısını koruyabildiğini göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda sporcularda ve fiziksel olarak aktif bireylerde eklem konforunu artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kas sağlığı açısından ise, direnç antrenmanlarıyla birlikte kullanıldığında kas kütlesini artırmaya yardımcı olabilir ve egzersiz sonrası oluşan kas hasarının onarılmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Kolajen takviyeleri vücudun kendi kolajen üretimini desteklerken, içerdiği amino asitlerle de kas proteini sentezine katkıda bulunur (18,19) . 3.Bilimsel Araştırmalar Ne Diyor? Kolajen takviyelerine yönelik artan ilgi, bu alanda yürütülen bilimsel çalışmaların sayısını da önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Şimdi, klinik araştırmalarla desteklenen bulgulara ve hangi kolajen formunun daha etkili olduğuna dair güncel verileri inceleyelim. Klinik çalışmalarla desteklenen etkiler Bilimsel araştırmalar kolajen hakkında bazı olumlu bulgular sunsa da, sonuçlar dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir. Örneğin, 26 randomize kontrollü çalışmayı kapsayan bir meta-analizde, hidrolize kolajen takviyesi alan bireylerde cilt nemi ve elastikiyetinde anlamlı iyileşmeler saptanmıştır. Yine benzer şekilde, 90 gün süresince kolajen takviyesi uygulanan bireylerde kırışıklıklarda azalma, cilt elastikiyetinde ve neminde artış gözlenmiştir (20). Ancak bu konuda daha kapsamlı bir inceleme sunan Myung ve Park’ın (2025) The American Journal of Medicine’da yayımladıkları sistematik derleme ve meta-analiz, farklı bir bakış sunmaktadır. 23 randomize kontrollü çalışmanın değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada, kolajen takviyelerinin genel olarak cilt sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkiler yarattığı bildirildi. Fakat dikkat çekici bir şekilde, endüstri tarafından desteklenmeyen yüksek kaliteli çalışmaların hiçbirinde bu etkiler doğrulanmamıştır. Sadece sponsorlu ve düşük kaliteli çalışmalarda anlamlı faydalar rapor edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla araştırmacılar, kolajen takviyelerinin cilt yaşlanmasını önlemede veya tedavi etmede klinik olarak güçlü bir dayanağa henüz sahip olmadığını belirtmişlerdir (21). Hangi kolajen formu daha etkili? Kolajen takviyelerinde en etkili form, hidrolize kolajen yani kolajen peptit formudur. Bu form, enzimatik işlemlerle küçük parçalara ayrılmış olup, 2000 Dalton (Da) altı moleküler ağırlığı sayesinde sindirim sisteminden kolayca emilir. Araştırmalar, hidrolize kolajenin jelatin ve nativ (doğal) kolajen formlarına göre %20–30 daha yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu da vücutta daha etkili bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlar (11,12). 4.Kolajen Takviyesi Seçerken Nelere Dikkat Edilmeli? Kolajen takviyesinden maksimum fayda sağlamak için bazı önemli noktalara dikkat edilmelidir. Kolajen molekülleri büyük yapılı olduğu için cilt yüzeyine sürüldüğünde alt tabakalara geçemez ve doğrudan etki göstermez . Ancak C vitamini, peptitler ve hiyalüronik asit gibi içeriklerle birlikte dolaylı olarak kolajen üretimini destekleyebilir. Bu nedenle derin ve kalıcı etki için krem ve serum formları yerine, ağızdan alınan hidrolize ve 2000 Dalton (Da) altı molekül ağırlığında kolajen takviyeleri tercih edilmelidir. Ayrıca patentli ve klinik çalışmalarda etkinliği kanıtlanmış ürünler tercih edilmelidir. Kolajen sentezi yalnızca kolajen alımıyla sınırlı değildir; C vitamini, çinko, bakır, hiyalüronik asit gibi mikro besinler ve glisin, prolin, lizin gibi aminoasitler bu süreci destekler. Özellikle C vitamini, kolajen sentezinde görevli enzimlerin çalışabilmesi için gereklidir. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyesi ile birlikte C vitamini de mutlaka alınmalı; ideal olarak C vitamini içeren formülasyonlar tercih edilmelidir. Kolajen takviyesine başlamak için önerilen yaş aralığı 25–28 yaş olup, günlük 5–10 gram arasında dozlarla, en az 2–3 ay düzenli kullanım önerilmektedir. Takviyenin etkili olabilmesi için kişisel faktörler de dikkate alınmalıdır. Bireyin yaşı, cinsiyeti, beslenme şekli, mevcut hastalıkları, alerji öyküsü ve yaşam tarzı, kolajen ihtiyacını ve yanıtı etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyesi kullanımı hekim kontrolünde planlanmalıdır (8,11, 12,13,14,15). 5.Kolajen Takviyesi Kimler İçin Uygun Değildir? Kolajen takviyesi herkes için uygun olmayabilir. Özellikle böbrek ve karaciğer hastalığı olanlar, hamile ve emziren kadınlar, kanser geçmişi olanlar ve deniz ürünleri ya da et türlerine (sığır, balık) alerjisi bulunan kişiler dikkatli olmalıdır. Diyabet hastaları da kolajen kullanmadan önce mutlaka doktorlarına danışmalıdır. Bu gruplarda yan etki riski daha yüksek olabilir. Bu yüzden kolajen kullanmaya başlamadan önce mutlaka bir uzmana başvurmak en doğrusudur. (7,16,17). Sonuç Kolajen takviyelerinin gerçekten etkili olup olmadığı, günümüzde hâlâ bilimsel araştırmaların odağında yer almaktadır. Her ne kadar mevcut veriler bu soruya kesin ve evrensel bir yanıt sunmasa da, özellikle cilt nemi, elastikiyetinin artışı ve eklem konforu gibi parametrelerde olumlu etkiler bildiren klinik çalışmalar mevcuttur. Düzenli ve yeterli dozda kullanımın, bazı bireylerde gözle görülür faydalar sağlayabildiği bildirilmektedir. Ancak bu etkilerin kişiden kişiye farklılık gösterebileceği unutulmamalıdır. Yaş, beslenme alışkanlıkları, yaşam tarzı, stres düzeyi ve uyku kalitesi gibi bireysel faktörler, vücudun kolajeni nasıl sentezlediğini ve kullandığını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, kolajen takviyelerinin formu (örneğin hidrolize kolajen peptit) ve beraberinde sunulan içerik kombinasyonları (C vitamini, çinko, hiyalüronik asit vb.) da takviyenin biyoyararlanımı ve etkinliği üzerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyeleri yalnızca kozmetik değil, genel sağlığı destekleyici bir yaklaşım olarak ele alınmalıdır. Sonuç olarak, bilinçli ürün seçimi, bilimsel temelli içerikler, düzenli kullanım ve gerektiğinde uzman görüşü eşliğinde uygulanan bir takviye süreci, kolajen desteğinin daha etkili ve güvenli bir şekilde kullanılmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Kaynakça1.    Tazeoğlu, F., & Arıcı, M. Kolajenin yapısı ve özellikleri.2.    Doğuer, Ç. (2024). Hücresel yaşlanma ve kolajen. Sağlık & Bilim 2023 Beslenme-IV, 133. 3.    Ricard-Blum  S.  The  collagen  family.  Cold  Spring  Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3(1):a004978.4.    Frantz  C,  Stewart  KM,  Weaver  VM.  The  extracellular matrix   at   a   glance.   Journal   of   Cell   Science. 2010;123(24):4195-2005.    Kannus  P.  Structure  of  the  tendon  connective  tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10(6):312-206.    Goes RA, Lopes LR, Cossich VRA, de Miranda VAR, Coelho ON, do Carmo Bastos R, et al. Musculoskeletal injuries in athletes from five modalities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020;21:1-97.    Özsoy, S., Ülker, Ö. C., & Üstündağ, A. (2024). Oral kolajen takviyeleri ve olası advers etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 48(3), 31-31.8.    Shin, S. H., Lee, Y. H., Rho, N. K., & Park, K. Y. (2023). Skin aging from mechanisms to interventions: focusing on dermal aging. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1195272.9.    Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., & Voorhees, J. J. (2001). Photoaging: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 17(4), 643-659.10.    Proksch, E., Schunck, M., Zague, V., Segger, D., Degwert, J., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 27(3), 113-119.11.    Wu, J., Fujioka, M., Sugimoto, K., Mu, G., & Ishimi, Y. (2004). Assessment of effectiveness of oral administration of collagen peptide on bone metabolism in growing and mature rats. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, 22(6), 547-553.12.    Lee, J., Tang, J. C., Dutton, J., Dunn, R., Fraser, W. D., Enright, K., ... & Erskine, R. M. (2024). The collagen synthesis response to an acute bout of resistance exercise is greater when ingesting 30 g hydrolyzed collagen compared with 15 g and 0 g in resistance-trained young men. The Journal of nutrition, 154(7), 2076-2086.13.    Wang, H. (2021). A review of the effects of collagen treatment in clinical studies. Polymers, 13(22), 3868.14.    Zhang, J., Elango, J., Wang, S., Hou, C., Miao, M., Li, J., ... & Wu, W. (2022). Characterization of immunogenicity associated with the biocompatibility of type I collagen from tilapia fish skin. Polymers, 14(11), 2300.15.    Reilly, D. M., & Lozano, J. (2021). Skin collagen through the lifestages: importance for skin health and beauty. Plastic and Aesthetic Research, 8, N-A.16.    Mavrogeorgis, E., Mischak, H., Latosinska, A., Vlahou, A., Schanstra, J. P., Siwy, J., ... & Jankowski, J. (2021). Collagen-derived peptides in CKD: a link to fibrosis. Toxins, 14(1), 10.17.    Xu, S., Xu, H., Wang, W., Li, S., Li, H., Li, T., ... & Liu, L. (2019). The role of collagen in cancer: from bench to bedside. Journal of translational medicine, 17(1), 309.18.    Lugo, J. A., Salazar, R., Zavala, N., Rodríguez, O., Vargas, G., Lizárraga, L., ... & Sepúlveda11, M. International Journal of Medicine Sciences.19.    Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Baumstark, M. W., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2015). Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1237-1245.20.    de Miranda, R. B., Weimer, P., & Rossi, R. C. (2021). Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International journal of dermatology, 60(12), 1449-1461.21.    Myung, S. K., & Park, Y. (2025). Effects of Collagen Supplements on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Medicine.22.    Ricard-Blum, S. (2011). The collagen family. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 3(1), a004978.

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What is Niacinamide? Is it Effective Against Skin Blemishes?

Niacinamide is a prominent active ingredient in skincare. This is due to its multifaceted effects, particularly on a variety of issues like uneven skin tone, acne scarring, and signs of aging (1). Research shows that with regular use, niacinamide helps reduce hyperpigmentation and soothe acne-related redness (3). What is Niacinamide? Niacinamide is a type of vitamin B3 that improves skin barrier function by strengthening the water and oil layer barrier that protects the skin, increases moisture in the skin, and is used in the treatment of skin problems such as acne and psoriasis. Key Properties of Niacinamide in Skin Care Niacinamide stands out as a versatile skin care ingredient thanks to its key properties such as strengthening the skin barrier, balancing sebum production, removing skin blemishes and supporting cellular regeneration. (4) Is Niacinamide Really Effective Against Skin Blemishes? Research findings reveal that niacinamide may be an effective and safe treatment option against skin blemishes (5). What Do Scientific Studies and Clinical Research Say? Niacinamide's effect on hyperpigmentation is scientifically supported, particularly through its ability to regulate melanin production (2). Clinical studies show that topical application of 5% niacinamide significantly reduces skin blemishes in as little as 4 to 8 weeks (6). You can explore niacinamide-containing products that help combat skin blemishes here. Niacinamide's Mechanism of Action on Blemishes Niacinamide's effect on skin blemishes is primarily based on its mechanism of inhibiting melanosomal transfer, which reduces skin surface discoloration (2). This process occurs through modulation of the pigment transport cascade rather than direct inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, allowing niacinamide to act without causing skin irritation (7). Other Important Skin Benefits of Niacinamide Niacinamide stands out for its versatile effects in combating not only blemishes but also various other skin problems (3). Research shows that this compound reduces acne by balancing sebum production, while also relieving symptoms like redness and sensitivity thanks to its anti-inflammatory effects (1). Strengthening the Skin Barrier and Reducing Sensitivity Niacinamide stands out for its ability to strengthen the skin barrier (8). This shows the potential to reduce irritation and increase tolerance, especially in dry, sensitive, or atopic-prone skin (1). Preventing Acne by Balancing Sebum Production One of the effects of niacinamide in preventing acne is its ability to balance excess sebum production in the skin. Controlling sebum secretion reduces the risk of acne by preventing comedone formation and bacterial proliferation (9). Uses of Niacinamide in Oral Care Besides its widespread use in skin care, niacinamide also offers potential benefits in oral health (10). Effects on Oral Health and Gums Niacinamide plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the oral mucosa. It has also been shown to reduce the inflammatory response observed in gingivitis and contribute to the protection of periodontal tissues. Therefore, adequate niacinamide intake is important for both preventive and supportive oral care (10). Who Should Choose Oral Care Products Containing Niacinamide? Oral care products containing niacinamide are a suitable supplementary option, particularly for individuals experiencing frequent irritation, aphthous ulcers, or inflammation of the oral mucosa. They also offer benefits for individuals with gum sensitivity, a tendency to gingivitis, or a weakened immune system, due to their anti-inflammatory and cell-regeneration-promoting effects (11). How to Choose and Use Products Containing Niacinamide? The effectiveness of niacinamide-containing skin care products can vary depending on the concentration and formulation (4). Furthermore, establishing a personalized application routine based on frequency of use, skin type, and existing skin problems is critical for long-term success. The Importance of Concentration in Products Research suggests that niacinamide concentrations between 2% and 5% are the ideal range for both tolerance and clinical efficacy (1). These concentrations should be considered when selecting a product. How to Use Niacinamide-Containing Serums and Creams? Serums and creams containing niacinamide generally work best when applied once or twice daily to cleansed skin (1). To minimize the risk of skin irritation, it's best to start with lower concentrations and use caution when using them with other active ingredients. Niacinamide offers scientifically proven, multifaceted benefits for a wide range of skin concerns, including blemishes, acne, redness, dehydration, and signs of aging. It stands out as both a preventative and restorative care ingredient by evenlying skin tone, balancing sebum production, and strengthening the skin barrier. With the right products and regular use, niacinamide can help achieve a visibly healthy and balanced complexion when incorporated into your daily skincare routine. REFERENCES 1. Draelos, Z. D. (2013). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 169(3), 23–28 2. Hakozaki, T., Minwalla, L., Zhuang, J., Chhoa, M., Matsubara, A., Miyamoto, K., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2002). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 147(1), 20–31 3. Gehring, W. (2004). Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(2), 88–93. 4. Oblong, J. E., Nicoll, G., & Akers, W. A. ​​(2002). Topical niacinamide provides skin aging appearance benefits while enhancing skin barrier function. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 53(3), 151–158. 5. Navarrete-Solís, J., Castanedo-Cázares, J.P., Torres-Álvarez, B., Oros-Ovalle, C., Fuentes-Ahumada, C., González, F.J., ... & Moncada, B. (2011). A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2011, 379173 6. Bissett, D. L., Miyamoto, K., Sun, P., Li, J., Berge, C. A., & Oblong, J. E. (2004). Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 26(5), 231–238. 7. Greatens, A., Hakozaki, T., Koshoffer, A., Epstein, H., Schwemberger, S., Babcock, G., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2005). Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Experimental Dermatology, 14(7), 498–508. 8. Tanno, O., Ota, Y., Kitamura, N., Katsube, T., & Inoue, S. (2000). Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. British Journal of Dermatology, 143(3), 524–531. 9. Kim, M. B., Kim, C., & Kim, M. N. (2013). The effects of niacinamide on acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Dermatology, 25(2), 136–140 10. Kirkland, J. B. (2012). Niacin status, NAD distribution and ADP-ribose metabolism. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15(1), 3–11. 11. Yoshida, N., Yoshikawa, T., & Naito, Y. (2013). Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in periodontal disease. Current Drug Targets, 14(15), 1602–1616.

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What Do the Color Codes on Toothpaste Packages Mean?

The claim, frequently seen on social media, that "the colors on the bottom of toothpaste tubes reveal the ingredients," is confusing many consumers. Descriptions like "black is chemical, green is natural" are spreading rapidly, especially in short videos. But do these colorful squares actually provide information about the toothpaste's ingredients, or do they have a completely different meaning during the production process? The truth is, toothpaste color codes or the colored markings on the bottom of the toothpaste have no connection to the product's chemical composition. These squares are solely for ensuring correct packaging alignment on the production line and improving print quality. The Emergence of Color Codes Technical Purpose of Colored Squares in the Production Line The colored squares on the packaging are detected by automatic cutting and folding machines used in production facilities. These squares serve as optical reference points that determine where the machine will cut. This means the machine cuts, folds, and seals the packaging in the correct place based on this marking. The "Eye Mark" System Used in the Packaging Printing Process These squares are part of a system technically called "eye marks." Eye mark sensors recognize these colored marks on the print, maintaining packaging alignment and text-visual integrity. Color variations are often chosen to increase contrast in the print. Therefore, different colors can appear in each brand. Common Misinformation on Social Media Where Did the Claim “Black = Chemical, Green = Natural” Come From? The origin of this claim stems from a false image circulating on social media a few years ago. The image created a false grid between the squares beneath the tubes and the content type. This information was quickly shared without any verification, and many users mistaken it for real. Why Is This Information Incorrect? The ingredients of toothpastes are listed in the "Ingredients" list on the label. The colored squares on the bottom of the packaging have no connection to the chemical or natural content other than their technical function on the production line. Furthermore, even two products with the same formula may be produced in different production facilities with different color codes. Fact: The Technical Meaning of Color Codes Alignment Marks for Packaging Cutting and Folding Machines These squares are used throughout the production process to ensure accurate printing alignment and accurate packaging cutting. Invisible sensors detect these squares and guide the machine. It has nothing to do with content and chemical ratio. The factors that determine the content of a toothpaste are the product formula, active ingredients, and the manufacturer's statement. The colored squares refer to the printing technology, not the content. Objectives of Improving Production Quality and Reducing Margin of Error This system reduces error rates in packaging production, ensures product consistency, and prevents issues like print misalignment. In other words, these little squares are actually part of quality control. How to Really Tell What Your Toothpaste Ingredients Are Reading the Table of Contents Correctly The most accurate way to learn about the ingredients in a toothpaste is to read the ingredient list under the "Ingredients" heading. This section is legally required to state the product's formula. Active Ingredients (Fluoride, Zinc, Herbal Extracts, etc.) The most commonly used active ingredients in toothpastes are sodium fluoride, zinc salts, herbal extracts, and bleaching agents. The presence, proportion, and combination of these ingredients determine the product's effectiveness. Certifications and Security Standards Products certified natural or organic generally receive certification from independent organizations such as Ecocert and COSMOS. Furthermore, every toothpaste marketed in Türkiye is inspected under the Cosmetics Regulation and Product Safety Legislation. Recommendations to Consumers Querying Social Media Information When you come across information about a product on social media, be sure to check the source. Unscientific images and rumors are often misleading. Considering the Ingredient List and Brand Reliability When choosing a product, pay attention to the ingredient list on the packaging and the brand's transparency policies. Reputable brands usually share formula details openly. Product Selection with Expert Advice When choosing the most appropriate toothpaste for your oral and dental health, the best approach is to get advice from your dentist or pharmacist. In conclusion, the colored squares on the bottom of toothpaste tubes are a myth. These markings are simply part of the manufacturing process and provide no information about the product's contents. To get accurate information, always check the ingredient list on the packaging and verify it with reliable sources. 📖 If you want to learn all the details and solutions regarding oral and dental health, be sure to read our article titled Periodontitis and Gum Health .

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