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Güvenli Güneş Koruması: Oksibenzon ve Hormon Dengesi İlişkisi - ya da multicosmetics

Safe Sun Protection: The Relationship Between Oxybenzone and Hormone Balance

What is Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3)?

Oxybenzone ((Benzophenone-3) is a filter used in sunscreens that protects the skin against both UV-B and UV-A radiation.

Effects of Oxybenzone on the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a term used for the system of organs and glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood. (14) The endocrine system consists of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas; the testes in men, the ovaries in women, and the placenta during pregnancy. (14) According to scientific studies, the most concerning sunscreen active ingredient is oxybenzone. It is easily absorbed by the skin and has hormonal imbalance-disrupting effects. (1)

Estrogen-like Activity

Increasing evidence regarding endocrine disrupting chemicals indicates adverse effects on the endocrine system, including the reproductive system and prostate, due to their estrogenic or antiandrogenic effects. (2)

According to in vivo and in vitro studies, oxybenzone can bind to the estrogen receptor and act like a natural estrogen in the body. This may increase cell proliferation, particularly in breast cancer cells, and negatively impact reproductive health. (3)

Effects on Thyroid Functions

Various studies have demonstrated the potential disruptive effects of oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) on thyroid function. These effects are related to its ability to alter the synthesis, secretion, and receptor interactions of thyroid hormones (especially T3 and T4).

Studies in mice have shown that oxybenzone can reduce levels of the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This can lead to hypothyroidism-like results. A decrease in thyroid hormone levels can, through a feedback mechanism, lead to an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. This can lead to long-term thyroid dysfunction. (4)

Some epidemiological studies suggest that hormone disruptors such as oxybenzone may be associated with the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. (3)

Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development and metabolism. Oxybenzone has attracted attention because its use in pregnant women can cause neurodevelopmental disorders in the fetus. (4)

Effects on Reproductive Health

The effects of oxybenzone on reproductive health and its potential negative consequences for both male and female reproductive systems have been investigated in various scientific studies. Oxybenzone exposure has been shown to be associated with decreased sperm quality and decreased sperm motility. Animal studies have reported that oxybenzone can reduce testicular weight and lower testosterone levels. (4)

An epidemiological study by Buck Louis and colleagues indicates that oxybenzone can cause a decrease in sperm count and DNA damage in humans. (5) It is thought that oxybenzone, due to its estrogen-like effects, can disrupt hormonal cycles and lead to problems such as early menopause. (3) Women exposed to oxybenzone during pregnancy are at increased risk of low birth weight and premature birth. (6)

How Oxybenzone Enters the Body

The routes through which oxybenzone enters the body are related to environmental exposure and exposure through personal care products. It generally appears to enter the human body through these two primary routes.

Dermal Absorption

The most common route of oxybenzone absorption is through the skin via personal care products such as hormone-disrupting sunscreens. (7) Because oxybenzone is a lipophilic (oil-soluble) compound, it readily penetrates the epidermal lipid layer. (8) The rate of absorption varies depending on the integrity of the skin barrier, frequency of application, oxybenzone concentration, and the extent of skin surface area to which it is applied. (8) Exposure to UV light may increase oxybenzone absorption. This is due to the weakening of the skin barrier and an increased likelihood of reaching deeper layers. (9)

Participation in Systemic Circulation

Oxybenzone, absorbed through the skin (transdermal transfer), passes through the epidermal barrier, reaches the dermis layer and enters the blood circulation.

In a study published in the journal JAMA in 2019, Matta and colleagues measured plasma concentrations after skin application of oxybenzone-containing sunscreens. (7) Oxybenzone-containing sunscreen was applied to 24 participants four times a day for four days, and plasma samples were collected at regular intervals after each application. (7) After the first application, oxybenzone plasma concentration started at a low level of 0.5 ng/ml and increased rapidly as the number of applications increased. (7) By the end of the fourth day, plasma oxybenzone levels reached 210.1 ng/ml. (7) The duration of oxybenzone in plasma after the application was terminated was calculated to be approximately 24-48 hours. (7) However, in some participants, it was detected in plasma for up to 4 days after the application was terminated. (7) These findings suggest that oxybenzone crosses the skin barrier and enters the bloodstream, accumulates with repeated applications, is metabolized and slowly eliminated from the body, and varies in plasma residence time depending on individual differences. Once in the systemic circulation, oxybenzone binds to plasma proteins and is transported to various tissues throughout the body. Biotransformation occurs in the liver, where it is converted to more polar metabolites via glucuronidation and excreted. (10)

Risk Groups

Since oxybenzone came to the fore with its harmful effects, the affected populations have gained importance. The groups most at risk from oxybenzone's harmful effects include pregnant women, fetuses, infants, young children, individuals with hormonal imbalances, individuals prone to allergic reactions, individuals with a history of cancer, and individuals at high risk of cancer.

Pregnant and Nursing Mothers

Many studies have shown that oxybenzone can cross the placental barrier and pass to the fetus. This passage can have adverse effects on fetal development.

A study conducted in pregnant women in China sought to evaluate the effects of prenatal exposure to phenol derivatives (specifically chemicals such as oxybenzone and bisphenol A) on birth weight, gestational age, and neonatal health. Urine samples were collected from 450 women during pregnancy, and phenol and oxybenzone metabolite levels were measured. Parameters such as birth weight, time of birth, head circumference, and health status of the newborns were recorded. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) metabolites were analyzed in the urine samples, and the resulting data were used to assess chemical exposure levels during pregnancy. The measured levels were compared with those of pregnant women without phenol exposure.

Babies born to mothers with high levels of oxybenzone exposure during pregnancy were found to have an average birth weight of 120-150 grams lower than babies born to women with low exposure. Babies born to mothers in the highest quartile of oxybenzone exposure had a 22% increased risk of low birth weight.

Women with high levels of oxybenzone metabolites have a significantly increased risk of premature birth (delivery before 37 weeks' gestation). The rate of premature birth was 18% in the group with high oxybenzone levels and 8% in the group with low levels. (11)

High oxybenzone exposure resulted in infants with a head circumference that was measured to be 0.5 cm smaller on average. Prenatal oxybenzone exposure increased the risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR). FGR cases were more common in the high-exposure group. (11) Specific and comprehensive scientific studies on the effects on breastfeeding mothers are limited.

Several studies have found varying amounts of oxybenzone and octinoxate in the breast milk of sunscreen users. It is not yet known whether these chemicals are transferred in high enough amounts to cause adverse effects in breastfed infants. (12,13) ​​To protect the health of both mother and baby, oxybenzone-free sunscreens should be preferred, and it is important to consult a healthcare professional if necessary. Sunscreens containing non-nanoparticle zinc oxide are a good alternative for breastfeeding mothers. (17)

Children and Adolescents

Because hormonal changes are more sensitive during childhood and adolescence, exposure to oxybenzone can have more serious consequences in this age group. Furthermore, children's skin is more sensitive and permeable, so the risk of accumulation is higher.

Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been observed to cause early puberty. Precocious puberty refers to a pathological condition involving the earlier-than-normal emergence of secondary sex characteristics. Because it causes increased hormone secretion in children, it can threaten both their physical and psychological health. While a cause is generally unidentifiable in girls, a specific cause is more likely to be found in boys. (14)

Precocious puberty causes the pineal glands to fuse prematurely, leading to premature completion of development. Hematomas in the hypothalamus, adenomas in the pituitary gland, tumors in the nervous system, short stature in adulthood, and cancers of the breast or reproductive system have been associated with precocious puberty. (14)

Safe Alternatives

When choosing skin care products and sunscreen, the ingredients of the sunscreens should be carefully examined.

According to the latest statements from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 16 compounds were studied and only two, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, were reported as “generally recognized as safe and effective,” or GRASE, based on available information. (15,16)

Data indicating safety issues suggest that two rarely used sunscreen ingredients, aminobenzoic acid and trolamine salicylate, are not GRASE. (15,16) The FDA states that 12 other ingredients are not GRASE due to insufficient data: oxybenzone avobenzone, cinoxate, dioxybenzone, ensulizole, homosalate, meradimate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, padimate O, and sulisobenzone. (15,16)

Mineral-Based Sunscreens

Mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide, an FDA-approved sunscreen ingredient, create a physical barrier to block and reflect both UVA and UVB rays. Titanium dioxide is often found in cosmetics as a sunscreen, but it is not as effective at blocking some UVA rays and is therefore not preferred (alone) for sun protection. (17)

When safer sunscreens are desired, sunscreens containing non-nanoparticles of zinc oxide can be preferred. This form remains on the skin (it doesn't absorb into the bloodstream) and provides protection by scattering, absorbing, and reflecting UV rays. (17) Disadvantages include the ability to leave a white residue on the skin surface. (17) Because it doesn't enter the systemic circulation, it doesn't pass into breast milk, making it a good alternative for breastfeeding mothers. (17)

Nanoparticle zinc oxide formulations are also available and have been designed to reduce the appearance of a white residue. (17) However, small nanoparticles have the ability to penetrate the skin and be absorbed systemically to a small degree. (17) However, nanoparticle zinc oxide appears to have lower absorption than chemical sunscreens and therefore a lower risk of potential side effects. (17) However, there is one report suggesting that it is possible for breast-fed infants to consume enough nanoparticle zinc oxide to cause diarrhea. (18)

Natural UV Filters

A systematic database search investigated the effects of UV radiation on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) in vitro and UVB exposure in mouse models in vivo. Examples of natural UV filters include plant sources such as Hibiscus roseus, Moringa oleifera, Coffea arabica, and Vinis vinifera (19).

Natural UV filters are generally composed of plant compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds absorb UV rays with wavelengths between 200 and 400 nm thanks to the double bonds in their molecular structures. Plant polyphenols reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting free radical production, thus protecting skin cells from DNA damage caused by UV rays. (19)

Additionally, some ingredients increase the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thus reducing collagen destruction in the skin and thus reducing wrinkle formation. (19)

Legal Regulations and Restrictions

Oxybenzone is subject to various regulations and restrictions due to both its human health and environmental effects.

According to the EU Cosmetics Regulation and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), oxybenzone is approved for use in sunscreens at a maximum of 6%. However, a report from the European Commission has stated that current human exposure levels are unsafe and therefore recommended limiting the oxybenzone concentration to 2.2%. (16)

In 2021, the FDA stated that there was insufficient data on the safety of oxybenzone and requested that safety tests be completed. (16)

The sale of sunscreens containing oxybenzone has been banned in Hawaii, USA, effective January 1, 2021. (20) Additionally, scientific studies have shown that oxybenzone damages coral reefs and negatively impacts marine life. (21)

Conscious Consumer Guide

In light of studies on the accumulation of oxybenzone in the human body and its intergenerational transmission, the use of safe alternative products is key to avoiding potential risks and protecting environmental health. (22)

When choosing a sunscreen, carefully examine the ingredient list, and choose sunscreens free of chemicals like oxybenzone, natural mineral-based sunscreens, or natural and plant-based UV protectors. Alternatively, HelioVita has created a sunscreen line for you, paying attention to all these details for your safe use.

Pregnant women, fetuses, infants, young children, people with hormonal imbalances, individuals prone to allergic reactions, individuals with a history of cancer, and individuals at high risk of cancer should be more meticulous in choosing sunscreen.

If you don't want to use sunscreen, take physical precautions like a hat, sunglasses, and long-sleeved clothing. Remedium Body Lotion will replace the moisture your skin loses after exposure to sun, sand, hot weather, and wind.

References

1) Ghazipura M, McGowan R, Arslan A, Hossain T. Exposure to benzophenone-3 and reproductive toxicity: A systematic review of human and animal studies. Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Oct;73:175-183. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.015. Epub 2017 Aug 24. PMID: 28844799.

2) Vitku J, Skodova T, Varausova A, Gadus L, Michnova L, Horackova L, Kolatorova L, Simkova M, Heracek J. Endocrine Disruptors and Estrogens in Human Prostatic Tissue. Physiol Res. 2023 Dec 17;72(S4):S411-S422. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.935246. PMID: 38116777.

3) Krause, M., Klit, A., Blomberg Jensen, M., Søeborg, T., Frederiksen, H., Schlumpf, M., Lichtensteiger, W., Skakkebaek, NE and Drzewiecki, KT (2012), Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters. International Journal of Andrology, 35: 424-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01280.x

4) Amira M. Aker, Lauren Johns, Thomas F. McElrath, David E. Cantonwine, Bhramar Mukherjee, John D. Meeker, Associations between maternal phenol and paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy: A repeated measures study,Environment International,Volume 113,2018,Pages 341-349, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.006.

5) Buck Louis GM, Sundaram R, Schisterman EF, Sweeney AM, Lynch CD, Gore-Langton RE, Maisog J, Kim S, Chen Z, Barr DB. Persistent environmental pollutants and couple fecundity: the LIFE study. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Feb;121(2):231-6. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205301. Epub 2012 Nov 14. PMID: 23151773; PMCID: PMC3569685.

6) Wolff MS, Engel SM, Berkowitz GS, Ye X, Silva MJ, Zhu C, Wetmur J, Calafat AM. Prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures and birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Aug;116(8):1092-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11007. PMID: 18709157; PMCID: PMC2516577.

7) Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, Patel V, Volpe DA, Yang Y, Oh L, Bashaw E, Zineh I, Sanabria C, Kemp S, Godfrey A, Adah S, Coelho S, Wang J, Furlong LA, Ganley C, Michele T, Strauss DG. Effect of Sunscreen Application on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020 Jan 21;323(3):256-267. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.20747. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1098. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1950. PMID: 31961417; PMCID: PMC6990686.

8) Nadeem Rezaq Janjua, Brian Mogensen, Anna-Maria Andersson, Jørgen Holm Petersen, Mette Henriksen, Niels E. Skakkebæk, Hans Christian Wulf,Systemic Absorption of the Sunscreens Benzophenone-3, Octyl-Methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-Methyl-Benzylidene) Camphor After Whole-Body Topical Application and Reproductive Hormone Levels in Humans,Journal of Investigative Dermatology,Volume 123, Issue 1,2004,Pages 57-61,ISSN 0022-202X,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22725.x.

9) Gonzalez H, Farbrot A, Larkö O, Wennberg AM. Percutaneous absorption of the sunscreen benzophenone-3 after repeated whole-body applications, with and without ultraviolet irradiation. BrJ Dermatol. 2006 Feb;154(2):337-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07007.x. PMID: 16433806.

10) Janjua NR, Mogensen B, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Henriksen M, Skakkebaek NE, Wulf HC. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Jul;123(1):57-61. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22725.x. PMID: 15191542.

11) Tang R, Chen MJ, Ding GD, Chen XJ, Han XM, Zhou K, Chen LM, Xia YK, Tian Y, Wang XR. Associations of prenatal exposure to phenols with birth outcomes. Environ Pollut. 2013 Jul;178:115-20. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.023. Epub 2013 Apr 3. PMID: 23562958.

12) Anderson P.O. Summer Topics on Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2020 Jun;15(6):354-356. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0053. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32196354.

13) Lin H. Chen, Caroline Zeind, Sheila Mackell, Trisha LaPointe, Margot Mutsch, Mary E. Wilson, Breastfeeding Travelers: Precautions and Recommendations, Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume 17, Issue 1, 1 January 2010, Pages 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00362.x

14) https://yadacosmetics.com/blogs/uzman-gozuyle/endokrin-hormon-sistemi-bozucu- Kimyasal-maddeler-ve-erken-ergenlik-i%CC%87liskisi

15) https://www.fda.gov/drugs/cder-conversations/update-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order

16) https://www.ewg.org/sunscreen/report/the-trouble-with-sunscreen-chemicals/

17) https://www.infantrisk.com/content/sunscreen-smarts-breastfeeding-families

18) Ceballos-Rasgado M, Lowe NM, Mallard S, Clegg A, Moran VH, Harris C, Montez J, Xipsiti M. Adverse Effects of Excessive Zinc Intake in Infants and Children Aged 0-3 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2022 Dec 22;13(6):2488-2518. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac088. PMID: 36055780; PMCID: PMC9776731.

19) Li L, Chong L, Huang T, Ma Y, Li Y, Ding H. Natural products and extracts from plants as natural UV filters for sunscreens: A review. Animal Model Exp Med. 2023 Jun;6(3):183-195. doi: 10.1002/ame2.12295. Epub 2022 Dec 19. PMID: 36536536; PMCID: PMC10272908.

20) https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/sunscreen/

21) https://www.surfrider.org/news/your-guide-to-reef-friendly-sunscreens

22) Çetinkaya S. Endocrine environmental disruptors and their effects on adolescence. diclemedj. March 2009;36(1):59-66.

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Kolajen Takviyeleri Gerçekten İşe Yarıyor mu? - ya da multicosmetics

Kolajen Takviyeleri Gerçekten İşe Yarıyor mu?

Vücudumuzda en bol bulunan protein olan kolajen, cildimizden kemiklerimize, eklemlerimizden kaslarımıza kadar birçok dokuda görev yapar. Yaş ilerledikçe bu değerli proteinin üretimi azalır ve bu da kırışıklıklar, eklem ağrıları ve bağ dokusu problemleri gibi pek çok soruna yol açabilir. Kolajen takviyeleri, bu süreci yavaşlatmak ve yaşlanma belirtilerini hafifletmek amacıyla son yıllarda oldukça popüler hale gelmiştir. Et, balık, kemik suyu, yumurta beyazı, süt ürünleri ve tavuk derisi gibi besinlerde doğal olarak bulunmasına rağmen, biyoyararlılığı yüksek olan kolajen peptit formu sayesinde takviye ürünlere olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır (2). Peki bu takviyeler gerçekten işe yarıyor mu? Hangi formu daha etkili? Kolajen peptitler hakkında merak ettiğin her şeyi bu blog yazısında keşfedebilirsin. 1.Kolajen Nedir ve Vücuttaki Görevi Nedir? Vücudun yapısal bütünlüğünü koruyan, dokulara dayanıklılık ve esneklik kazandıran kolajen; sadece estetik görünüm açısından değil, aynı zamanda birçok fizyolojik sürecin sağlıklı bir şekilde işlemesi açısından da büyük önem taşır. Kolajenin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini daha iyi kavrayabilmek için, öncelikle ne olduğunu ve vücuttaki görevlerini aşağıda daha detaylı bir şekilde bulabilirsiniz. Kolajen nedir? Kolajen, insan vücudunda en bol bulunan yapısal proteindir ve cilt, kemik, kas, tendon ve bağ dokularının temel yapı taşlarından biridir (1). En önemli faydası, bağ dokuların sağlamlığını ve cildin esneklik gibi mekanik özelliklerini desteklemesidir (3). Özellikle tendonlarda, kuru ağırlığın yaklaşık %65-80’ini oluşturarak bu yapıların dayanıklılığını belirler. Aynı zamanda bağ dokuların gerilme kuvvetlerine karşı direnç göstermesini sağlayarak, tendon sağlığının korunmasında ve kas yaralanmalarının önlenmesinde kritik bir görev üstlenir (4,5,6). Bugüne kadar toplamda 28 farklı kolajen tipi tanımlanmış olsa da, vücutta en yaygın olarak bulunan ve en fazla araştırılanlar Tip I, Tip II, Tip III, Tip IV ve Tip V kolajenlerdir (22). Yaşla birlikte kolajen üretimi azalır mı? Yaşla birlikte vücuttaki kolajen üretimi doğal olarak azalmaya başlar. Genellikle 25 yaşından sonra bu süreç yavaş yavaş başlar ve 30’lu yaşlarda daha belirgin hale gelir. 40 yaşından itibaren ise kolajen sentezindeki düşüş ciddi seviyelere ulaşır (8). Kolajen üretimindeki bu düşüş sadece yaşa bağlı değildir; güneş ışığına (özellikle UV ışınlarına) fazla maruz kalmak, sigara kullanımı, aşırı şeker tüketimi ve kronik stres gibi çevresel faktörler de kolajen yıkımını hızlandırabilir (9). Bu azalma; ciltte kırışıklık ve lekelenme, eklemlerde sertlik, bağ dokuların esnekliğini kaybetmesi gibi birçok yaşa bağlı sağlık sorununa zemin hazırlar (1). 2.Kolajen Takviyeleri Ne Vaat Ediyor? Kolajen takviyeleriyle ilgili en çok öne çıkan iddialar genellikle cilt sağlığı ile ilgilidir. Ancak bunların yanında eklem ve kas sistemi üzerindeki olumlu etkiler de sıkça dile getirilmektedir. Şimdi bu vaatleri daha yakından inceleyelim. Cilt sağlığı üzerindeki iddialar Kolajen, cildin esnekliğini ve sıkılığını sağlayan başlıca yapısal proteindir; adeta cildin iskeleti olarak görev yapar. Yaş ilerledikçe kolajen sentezi azalır ve bu durum, cildin zayıflamasına, elastikiyetini kaybetmesine ve dış etkenlere karşı daha savunmasız hale gelmesine neden olur. Cilt sağlığı açısından en yaygın kullanılan kolajen tipleri Tip I ve Tip III kolajendir. Tip I kolajen, cildi sıkılaştırma, kırışıklıkları azaltma, saç dökülmelerini önleme ve tırnakları güçlendirme gibi etkileriyle öne çıkar (10). Tip III kolajen ise cilde esneklik kazandırır ve bağ dokular ile damar yapılarının bütünlüğünü destekler. Genellikle Tip I ile birlikte bulunur ve birlikte kullanıldığında “gençlik etkisi” olarak adlandırılan daha sağlıklı, sıkı ve elastik bir cilt görünümünü destekler (20). Eklem ve kas sağlığına etkileri Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar, Tip II kolajen takviyesinin osteoartrit gibi eklem hastalıklarında ağrıyı azaltabileceğini ve kıkırdak yapısını koruyabildiğini göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda sporcularda ve fiziksel olarak aktif bireylerde eklem konforunu artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kas sağlığı açısından ise, direnç antrenmanlarıyla birlikte kullanıldığında kas kütlesini artırmaya yardımcı olabilir ve egzersiz sonrası oluşan kas hasarının onarılmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Kolajen takviyeleri vücudun kendi kolajen üretimini desteklerken, içerdiği amino asitlerle de kas proteini sentezine katkıda bulunur (18,19) . 3.Bilimsel Araştırmalar Ne Diyor? Kolajen takviyelerine yönelik artan ilgi, bu alanda yürütülen bilimsel çalışmaların sayısını da önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Şimdi, klinik araştırmalarla desteklenen bulgulara ve hangi kolajen formunun daha etkili olduğuna dair güncel verileri inceleyelim. Klinik çalışmalarla desteklenen etkiler Bilimsel araştırmalar kolajen hakkında bazı olumlu bulgular sunsa da, sonuçlar dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir. Örneğin, 26 randomize kontrollü çalışmayı kapsayan bir meta-analizde, hidrolize kolajen takviyesi alan bireylerde cilt nemi ve elastikiyetinde anlamlı iyileşmeler saptanmıştır. Yine benzer şekilde, 90 gün süresince kolajen takviyesi uygulanan bireylerde kırışıklıklarda azalma, cilt elastikiyetinde ve neminde artış gözlenmiştir (20). Ancak bu konuda daha kapsamlı bir inceleme sunan Myung ve Park’ın (2025) The American Journal of Medicine’da yayımladıkları sistematik derleme ve meta-analiz, farklı bir bakış sunmaktadır. 23 randomize kontrollü çalışmanın değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada, kolajen takviyelerinin genel olarak cilt sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkiler yarattığı bildirildi. Fakat dikkat çekici bir şekilde, endüstri tarafından desteklenmeyen yüksek kaliteli çalışmaların hiçbirinde bu etkiler doğrulanmamıştır. Sadece sponsorlu ve düşük kaliteli çalışmalarda anlamlı faydalar rapor edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla araştırmacılar, kolajen takviyelerinin cilt yaşlanmasını önlemede veya tedavi etmede klinik olarak güçlü bir dayanağa henüz sahip olmadığını belirtmişlerdir (21). Hangi kolajen formu daha etkili? Kolajen takviyelerinde en etkili form, hidrolize kolajen yani kolajen peptit formudur. Bu form, enzimatik işlemlerle küçük parçalara ayrılmış olup, 2000 Dalton (Da) altı moleküler ağırlığı sayesinde sindirim sisteminden kolayca emilir. Araştırmalar, hidrolize kolajenin jelatin ve nativ (doğal) kolajen formlarına göre %20–30 daha yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu da vücutta daha etkili bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlar (11,12). 4.Kolajen Takviyesi Seçerken Nelere Dikkat Edilmeli? Kolajen takviyesinden maksimum fayda sağlamak için bazı önemli noktalara dikkat edilmelidir. Kolajen molekülleri büyük yapılı olduğu için cilt yüzeyine sürüldüğünde alt tabakalara geçemez ve doğrudan etki göstermez . Ancak C vitamini, peptitler ve hiyalüronik asit gibi içeriklerle birlikte dolaylı olarak kolajen üretimini destekleyebilir. Bu nedenle derin ve kalıcı etki için krem ve serum formları yerine, ağızdan alınan hidrolize ve 2000 Dalton (Da) altı molekül ağırlığında kolajen takviyeleri tercih edilmelidir. Ayrıca patentli ve klinik çalışmalarda etkinliği kanıtlanmış ürünler tercih edilmelidir. Kolajen sentezi yalnızca kolajen alımıyla sınırlı değildir; C vitamini, çinko, bakır, hiyalüronik asit gibi mikro besinler ve glisin, prolin, lizin gibi aminoasitler bu süreci destekler. Özellikle C vitamini, kolajen sentezinde görevli enzimlerin çalışabilmesi için gereklidir. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyesi ile birlikte C vitamini de mutlaka alınmalı; ideal olarak C vitamini içeren formülasyonlar tercih edilmelidir. Kolajen takviyesine başlamak için önerilen yaş aralığı 25–28 yaş olup, günlük 5–10 gram arasında dozlarla, en az 2–3 ay düzenli kullanım önerilmektedir. Takviyenin etkili olabilmesi için kişisel faktörler de dikkate alınmalıdır. Bireyin yaşı, cinsiyeti, beslenme şekli, mevcut hastalıkları, alerji öyküsü ve yaşam tarzı, kolajen ihtiyacını ve yanıtı etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyesi kullanımı hekim kontrolünde planlanmalıdır (8,11, 12,13,14,15). 5.Kolajen Takviyesi Kimler İçin Uygun Değildir? Kolajen takviyesi herkes için uygun olmayabilir. Özellikle böbrek ve karaciğer hastalığı olanlar, hamile ve emziren kadınlar, kanser geçmişi olanlar ve deniz ürünleri ya da et türlerine (sığır, balık) alerjisi bulunan kişiler dikkatli olmalıdır. Diyabet hastaları da kolajen kullanmadan önce mutlaka doktorlarına danışmalıdır. Bu gruplarda yan etki riski daha yüksek olabilir. Bu yüzden kolajen kullanmaya başlamadan önce mutlaka bir uzmana başvurmak en doğrusudur. (7,16,17). Sonuç Kolajen takviyelerinin gerçekten etkili olup olmadığı, günümüzde hâlâ bilimsel araştırmaların odağında yer almaktadır. Her ne kadar mevcut veriler bu soruya kesin ve evrensel bir yanıt sunmasa da, özellikle cilt nemi, elastikiyetinin artışı ve eklem konforu gibi parametrelerde olumlu etkiler bildiren klinik çalışmalar mevcuttur. Düzenli ve yeterli dozda kullanımın, bazı bireylerde gözle görülür faydalar sağlayabildiği bildirilmektedir. Ancak bu etkilerin kişiden kişiye farklılık gösterebileceği unutulmamalıdır. Yaş, beslenme alışkanlıkları, yaşam tarzı, stres düzeyi ve uyku kalitesi gibi bireysel faktörler, vücudun kolajeni nasıl sentezlediğini ve kullandığını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, kolajen takviyelerinin formu (örneğin hidrolize kolajen peptit) ve beraberinde sunulan içerik kombinasyonları (C vitamini, çinko, hiyalüronik asit vb.) da takviyenin biyoyararlanımı ve etkinliği üzerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle kolajen takviyeleri yalnızca kozmetik değil, genel sağlığı destekleyici bir yaklaşım olarak ele alınmalıdır. Sonuç olarak, bilinçli ürün seçimi, bilimsel temelli içerikler, düzenli kullanım ve gerektiğinde uzman görüşü eşliğinde uygulanan bir takviye süreci, kolajen desteğinin daha etkili ve güvenli bir şekilde kullanılmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Kaynakça1.    Tazeoğlu, F., & Arıcı, M. Kolajenin yapısı ve özellikleri.2.    Doğuer, Ç. (2024). Hücresel yaşlanma ve kolajen. Sağlık & Bilim 2023 Beslenme-IV, 133. 3.    Ricard-Blum  S.  The  collagen  family.  Cold  Spring  Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3(1):a004978.4.    Frantz  C,  Stewart  KM,  Weaver  VM.  The  extracellular matrix   at   a   glance.   Journal   of   Cell   Science. 2010;123(24):4195-2005.    Kannus  P.  Structure  of  the  tendon  connective  tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10(6):312-206.    Goes RA, Lopes LR, Cossich VRA, de Miranda VAR, Coelho ON, do Carmo Bastos R, et al. Musculoskeletal injuries in athletes from five modalities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020;21:1-97.    Özsoy, S., Ülker, Ö. C., & Üstündağ, A. (2024). Oral kolajen takviyeleri ve olası advers etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 48(3), 31-31.8.    Shin, S. H., Lee, Y. H., Rho, N. K., & Park, K. Y. (2023). Skin aging from mechanisms to interventions: focusing on dermal aging. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1195272.9.    Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., & Voorhees, J. J. (2001). Photoaging: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 17(4), 643-659.10.    Proksch, E., Schunck, M., Zague, V., Segger, D., Degwert, J., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 27(3), 113-119.11.    Wu, J., Fujioka, M., Sugimoto, K., Mu, G., & Ishimi, Y. (2004). Assessment of effectiveness of oral administration of collagen peptide on bone metabolism in growing and mature rats. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, 22(6), 547-553.12.    Lee, J., Tang, J. C., Dutton, J., Dunn, R., Fraser, W. D., Enright, K., ... & Erskine, R. M. (2024). The collagen synthesis response to an acute bout of resistance exercise is greater when ingesting 30 g hydrolyzed collagen compared with 15 g and 0 g in resistance-trained young men. The Journal of nutrition, 154(7), 2076-2086.13.    Wang, H. (2021). A review of the effects of collagen treatment in clinical studies. Polymers, 13(22), 3868.14.    Zhang, J., Elango, J., Wang, S., Hou, C., Miao, M., Li, J., ... & Wu, W. (2022). Characterization of immunogenicity associated with the biocompatibility of type I collagen from tilapia fish skin. Polymers, 14(11), 2300.15.    Reilly, D. M., & Lozano, J. (2021). Skin collagen through the lifestages: importance for skin health and beauty. Plastic and Aesthetic Research, 8, N-A.16.    Mavrogeorgis, E., Mischak, H., Latosinska, A., Vlahou, A., Schanstra, J. P., Siwy, J., ... & Jankowski, J. (2021). Collagen-derived peptides in CKD: a link to fibrosis. Toxins, 14(1), 10.17.    Xu, S., Xu, H., Wang, W., Li, S., Li, H., Li, T., ... & Liu, L. (2019). The role of collagen in cancer: from bench to bedside. Journal of translational medicine, 17(1), 309.18.    Lugo, J. A., Salazar, R., Zavala, N., Rodríguez, O., Vargas, G., Lizárraga, L., ... & Sepúlveda11, M. International Journal of Medicine Sciences.19.    Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Baumstark, M. W., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2015). Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1237-1245.20.    de Miranda, R. B., Weimer, P., & Rossi, R. C. (2021). Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International journal of dermatology, 60(12), 1449-1461.21.    Myung, S. K., & Park, Y. (2025). Effects of Collagen Supplements on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Medicine.22.    Ricard-Blum, S. (2011). The collagen family. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 3(1), a004978.

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What is Niacinamide? Is it Effective Against Skin Blemishes?

Niacinamide is a prominent active ingredient in skincare. This is due to its multifaceted effects, particularly on a variety of issues like uneven skin tone, acne scarring, and signs of aging (1). Research shows that with regular use, niacinamide helps reduce hyperpigmentation and soothe acne-related redness (3). What is Niacinamide? Niacinamide is a type of vitamin B3 that improves skin barrier function by strengthening the water and oil layer barrier that protects the skin, increases moisture in the skin, and is used in the treatment of skin problems such as acne and psoriasis. Key Properties of Niacinamide in Skin Care Niacinamide stands out as a versatile skin care ingredient thanks to its key properties such as strengthening the skin barrier, balancing sebum production, removing skin blemishes and supporting cellular regeneration. (4) Is Niacinamide Really Effective Against Skin Blemishes? Research findings reveal that niacinamide may be an effective and safe treatment option against skin blemishes (5). What Do Scientific Studies and Clinical Research Say? Niacinamide's effect on hyperpigmentation is scientifically supported, particularly through its ability to regulate melanin production (2). Clinical studies show that topical application of 5% niacinamide significantly reduces skin blemishes in as little as 4 to 8 weeks (6). You can explore niacinamide-containing products that help combat skin blemishes here. Niacinamide's Mechanism of Action on Blemishes Niacinamide's effect on skin blemishes is primarily based on its mechanism of inhibiting melanosomal transfer, which reduces skin surface discoloration (2). This process occurs through modulation of the pigment transport cascade rather than direct inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, allowing niacinamide to act without causing skin irritation (7). Other Important Skin Benefits of Niacinamide Niacinamide stands out for its versatile effects in combating not only blemishes but also various other skin problems (3). Research shows that this compound reduces acne by balancing sebum production, while also relieving symptoms like redness and sensitivity thanks to its anti-inflammatory effects (1). Strengthening the Skin Barrier and Reducing Sensitivity Niacinamide stands out for its ability to strengthen the skin barrier (8). This shows the potential to reduce irritation and increase tolerance, especially in dry, sensitive, or atopic-prone skin (1). Preventing Acne by Balancing Sebum Production One of the effects of niacinamide in preventing acne is its ability to balance excess sebum production in the skin. Controlling sebum secretion reduces the risk of acne by preventing comedone formation and bacterial proliferation (9). Uses of Niacinamide in Oral Care Besides its widespread use in skin care, niacinamide also offers potential benefits in oral health (10). Effects on Oral Health and Gums Niacinamide plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the oral mucosa. It has also been shown to reduce the inflammatory response observed in gingivitis and contribute to the protection of periodontal tissues. Therefore, adequate niacinamide intake is important for both preventive and supportive oral care (10). Who Should Choose Oral Care Products Containing Niacinamide? Oral care products containing niacinamide are a suitable supplementary option, particularly for individuals experiencing frequent irritation, aphthous ulcers, or inflammation of the oral mucosa. They also offer benefits for individuals with gum sensitivity, a tendency to gingivitis, or a weakened immune system, due to their anti-inflammatory and cell-regeneration-promoting effects (11). How to Choose and Use Products Containing Niacinamide? The effectiveness of niacinamide-containing skin care products can vary depending on the concentration and formulation (4). Furthermore, establishing a personalized application routine based on frequency of use, skin type, and existing skin problems is critical for long-term success. The Importance of Concentration in Products Research suggests that niacinamide concentrations between 2% and 5% are the ideal range for both tolerance and clinical efficacy (1). These concentrations should be considered when selecting a product. How to Use Niacinamide-Containing Serums and Creams? Serums and creams containing niacinamide generally work best when applied once or twice daily to cleansed skin (1). To minimize the risk of skin irritation, it's best to start with lower concentrations and use caution when using them with other active ingredients. Niacinamide offers scientifically proven, multifaceted benefits for a wide range of skin concerns, including blemishes, acne, redness, dehydration, and signs of aging. It stands out as both a preventative and restorative care ingredient by evenlying skin tone, balancing sebum production, and strengthening the skin barrier. With the right products and regular use, niacinamide can help achieve a visibly healthy and balanced complexion when incorporated into your daily skincare routine. REFERENCES 1. Draelos, Z. D. (2013). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 169(3), 23–28 2. Hakozaki, T., Minwalla, L., Zhuang, J., Chhoa, M., Matsubara, A., Miyamoto, K., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2002). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. British Journal of Dermatology, 147(1), 20–31 3. Gehring, W. (2004). Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(2), 88–93. 4. Oblong, J. E., Nicoll, G., & Akers, W. A. ​​(2002). Topical niacinamide provides skin aging appearance benefits while enhancing skin barrier function. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 53(3), 151–158. 5. Navarrete-Solís, J., Castanedo-Cázares, J.P., Torres-Álvarez, B., Oros-Ovalle, C., Fuentes-Ahumada, C., González, F.J., ... & Moncada, B. (2011). A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2011, 379173 6. Bissett, D. L., Miyamoto, K., Sun, P., Li, J., Berge, C. A., & Oblong, J. E. (2004). Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 26(5), 231–238. 7. Greatens, A., Hakozaki, T., Koshoffer, A., Epstein, H., Schwemberger, S., Babcock, G., ... & Bissett, D. L. (2005). Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Experimental Dermatology, 14(7), 498–508. 8. Tanno, O., Ota, Y., Kitamura, N., Katsube, T., & Inoue, S. (2000). Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. British Journal of Dermatology, 143(3), 524–531. 9. Kim, M. B., Kim, C., & Kim, M. N. (2013). The effects of niacinamide on acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Dermatology, 25(2), 136–140 10. Kirkland, J. B. (2012). Niacin status, NAD distribution and ADP-ribose metabolism. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15(1), 3–11. 11. Yoshida, N., Yoshikawa, T., & Naito, Y. (2013). Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in periodontal disease. Current Drug Targets, 14(15), 1602–1616.

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What Do the Color Codes on Toothpaste Packages Mean?

The claim, frequently seen on social media, that "the colors on the bottom of toothpaste tubes reveal the ingredients," is confusing many consumers. Descriptions like "black is chemical, green is natural" are spreading rapidly, especially in short videos. But do these colorful squares actually provide information about the toothpaste's ingredients, or do they have a completely different meaning during the production process? The truth is, toothpaste color codes or the colored markings on the bottom of the toothpaste have no connection to the product's chemical composition. These squares are solely for ensuring correct packaging alignment on the production line and improving print quality. The Emergence of Color Codes Technical Purpose of Colored Squares in the Production Line The colored squares on the packaging are detected by automatic cutting and folding machines used in production facilities. These squares serve as optical reference points that determine where the machine will cut. This means the machine cuts, folds, and seals the packaging in the correct place based on this marking. The "Eye Mark" System Used in the Packaging Printing Process These squares are part of a system technically called "eye marks." Eye mark sensors recognize these colored marks on the print, maintaining packaging alignment and text-visual integrity. Color variations are often chosen to increase contrast in the print. Therefore, different colors can appear in each brand. Common Misinformation on Social Media Where Did the Claim “Black = Chemical, Green = Natural” Come From? The origin of this claim stems from a false image circulating on social media a few years ago. The image created a false grid between the squares beneath the tubes and the content type. This information was quickly shared without any verification, and many users mistaken it for real. Why Is This Information Incorrect? The ingredients of toothpastes are listed in the "Ingredients" list on the label. The colored squares on the bottom of the packaging have no connection to the chemical or natural content other than their technical function on the production line. Furthermore, even two products with the same formula may be produced in different production facilities with different color codes. Fact: The Technical Meaning of Color Codes Alignment Marks for Packaging Cutting and Folding Machines These squares are used throughout the production process to ensure accurate printing alignment and accurate packaging cutting. Invisible sensors detect these squares and guide the machine. It has nothing to do with content and chemical ratio. The factors that determine the content of a toothpaste are the product formula, active ingredients, and the manufacturer's statement. The colored squares refer to the printing technology, not the content. Objectives of Improving Production Quality and Reducing Margin of Error This system reduces error rates in packaging production, ensures product consistency, and prevents issues like print misalignment. In other words, these little squares are actually part of quality control. How to Really Tell What Your Toothpaste Ingredients Are Reading the Table of Contents Correctly The most accurate way to learn about the ingredients in a toothpaste is to read the ingredient list under the "Ingredients" heading. This section is legally required to state the product's formula. Active Ingredients (Fluoride, Zinc, Herbal Extracts, etc.) The most commonly used active ingredients in toothpastes are sodium fluoride, zinc salts, herbal extracts, and bleaching agents. The presence, proportion, and combination of these ingredients determine the product's effectiveness. Certifications and Security Standards Products certified natural or organic generally receive certification from independent organizations such as Ecocert and COSMOS. Furthermore, every toothpaste marketed in Türkiye is inspected under the Cosmetics Regulation and Product Safety Legislation. Recommendations to Consumers Querying Social Media Information When you come across information about a product on social media, be sure to check the source. Unscientific images and rumors are often misleading. Considering the Ingredient List and Brand Reliability When choosing a product, pay attention to the ingredient list on the packaging and the brand's transparency policies. Reputable brands usually share formula details openly. Product Selection with Expert Advice When choosing the most appropriate toothpaste for your oral and dental health, the best approach is to get advice from your dentist or pharmacist. In conclusion, the colored squares on the bottom of toothpaste tubes are a myth. These markings are simply part of the manufacturing process and provide no information about the product's contents. To get accurate information, always check the ingredient list on the packaging and verify it with reliable sources. 📖 If you want to learn all the details and solutions regarding oral and dental health, be sure to read our article titled Periodontitis and Gum Health .

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